^
    14h
    CAPOX and Bevacizumab With or Without Primary Tumor Radiotherapy and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab as First-line Treatment for RAS-Mutant/MSS Metastatic Rectal Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=106, Not yet recruiting, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute
    New P2 trial • IO biomarker
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    KRAS mutation • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • BRAF V600
    |
    Avastin (bevacizumab) • capecitabine • oxaliplatin • Qibeian (iparomlimab/tuvonralimab) • iparomlimab (QL1604)
    19h
    A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Activity of Belvarafenib as a Single Agent and in Combination With Either Cobimetinib or Cobimetinib Plus Nivolumab in Patients With NRAS-mutant Advanced Melanoma. (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=65, Active, not recruiting, Genentech, Inc. | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jun 2027
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • IO biomarker
    |
    NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    NRAS mutation
    |
    Opdivo (nivolumab) • Cotellic (cobimetinib) • belvarafenib (RG6185)
    1d
    PARERE: PAnitumumab REchallenge Followed by REgorafenib Versus the Reverse Sequence (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=214, Active, not recruiting, Gruppo Oncologico del Nord-Ovest | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Mar 2026
    Trial completion date
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    BRAF V600E • KRAS mutation • NRAS mutation • BRAF V600
    |
    Idylla™ NRAS-BRAF Mutation Test
    |
    Avastin (bevacizumab) • Vectibix (panitumumab) • Stivarga (regorafenib) • oxaliplatin • irinotecan
    4d
    Real-World Treatment and Efficacy Analysis of RAS-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (ChiCTR2500113709)
    P=N/A, N=614, Not yet recruiting, Central Hospital of Guangdong Provincial Nongken; Central Hospital of Guangdong Provincial Nongken
    New trial
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    KRAS mutation • NRAS mutation
    5d
    Dissecting the MAPK signaling landscape in malignant melanoma: from BRAF and NRAS mutations to precision combination therapies. (PubMed, Front Cell Dev Biol)
    Rarer alterations in KIT and RTKs also define actionable subsets. This review synthesizes recent mechanistic insights and therapeutic advances in mutation-driven melanoma, highlighting the promise of biomarker-guided combination strategies and signaling crosstalk disruption as the next frontier in precision oncology.
    Review • Journal • IO biomarker
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • CDK4 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4)
    |
    BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation
    5d
    Detection of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF Mutations in Liquid Biopsy from Patients with Colorectal Cancer. (PubMed, Oncol Res)
    However, when pooling all target mutations (KRAS, NRAS and BRAF), the overall sensitivity and specificity were lower, at 48.3% and 51.1%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the ddPCR analysis of ctDNA may provide complementary information for the molecular diagnosis of CRC patients.
    Journal • Liquid biopsy
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    KRAS mutation • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation
    6d
    DDU RAF/MEK: Phase I Trial of VS-6766 Alone and in Combination With Everolimus (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=104, Completed, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Oct 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 --> Oct 2025
    Trial completion • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    KRAS mutation • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • RAS mutation
    |
    everolimus • Avmapki (avutometinib)
    6d
    Chromosome 1p13.2 gene cluster upregulation in neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog pathogenic variant melanoma: a potential biomarker axis. (PubMed, Melanoma Res)
    NRAS-mutant melanomas harbor a coordinated transcriptional program within 1p13.2, driven by CNV gains. This locus contains genes with potential druggability, offering new avenues for combinatorial targeting alongside mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibition.
    Journal
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • TRIM33 (Tripartite Motif Containing 33)
    |
    BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation
    |
    MSK-IMPACT
    7d
    An Phase Ib/II Clinical Trial of TCC1727 Combination Therapy in Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1/2, N=266, Recruiting, Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
    New P1/2 trial
    |
    EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) • PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • ROS1 (Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase ROS)
    |
    EGFR mutation • MSI-H/dMMR • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • RAS mutation • RET mutation • MET mutation
    |
    Lynparza (olaparib) • topotecan • Andewei (benmelstobart)
    7d
    Lipidomics in Melanoma: Insights into Disease Progression and Therapeutical Targets. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci)
    Advances in lipidomics technologies, particularly mass spectrometry-based approaches, have enabled comprehensive profiling of lipid alterations at bulk, spatial, and single-cell levels, offering new opportunities for biomarker discovery and therapeutic stratification. Targeting lipid metabolic vulnerabilities represents a promising strategy to improve melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment efficacy.
    Review • Journal • IO biomarker
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)
    |
    BRAF V600E • NRAS mutation • BRAF V600
    7d
    Malignant Melanoma: Landscape of Molecular Markers. (PubMed, Biomedicines)
    This study is limited due to a small cohort and limited available clinical data. Larger cohort studies and prospective clinical trials are necessary to validate and explore the interplay between molecular and immune biomarkers as well as general biological mechanism in paving therapeutic way in melanoma.
    Journal • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • KIT (KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) • ARID1A (AT-rich interaction domain 1A) • NOTCH1 (Notch 1) • SMARCA4 (SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 4) • PMS2 (PMS1 protein homolog 2) • TSC2 (TSC complex subunit 2) • NOTCH3 (Notch Receptor 3)
    |
    BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • KIT mutation
    8d
    Integrated mutational landscape analysis of endometrial stromal sarcoma. (PubMed, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A)
    Finally, in an activating NRAS-mutant (p.Q61R) HG-ESS xenograft, the combination of MEK and FAK inhibition dramatically suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival, highlighting a promising targeted treatment strategy. Overall, our comprehensive analysis defines the molecular basis of ESS and provides a strong preclinical rationale for precision therapies in this aggressive cancer.
    Journal • Tumor mutational burden • IO biomarker
    |
    TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) • STK11 (Serine/threonine kinase 11) • CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) • RB1 (RB Transcriptional Corepressor 1) • TSC2 (TSC complex subunit 2) • JAZF1 (JAZF Zinc Finger 1) • RAD54B (RAD54 Homolog B) • SUZ12 (SUZ12 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit)
    |
    TP53 mutation • NRAS mutation • STK11 mutation • NRAS Q61