ER negative

Present findings are from a small sample cohort and need further validation from a larger cohort. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-025-02427-0.

These underscore the relevance of age-related biological factors in shaping breast cancer characteristics. However, among Indonesian women over 45 years old, the proportion of high breast density remains remarkably high (65.6%), suggesting that factors beyond age-such as genetic, hormonal, or lifestyle influences-may contribute to the persistence of dense breast tissue in this population.

Adhering to a diet that supports both human and planetary health was associated with lower breast cancer risk, particularly ER-negative tumors. Strategies to reduce breast cancer incidence should emphasize the win-win opportunities for a high planetary health diet.

ER-negative and triple-negative effusions demonstrate more aggressive molecular features including enrichment of TP53 mutations and earlier effusion development. Effusion-based molecular testing yields clinically relevant genomic information in advanced breast cancer.

P2, N=99, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Dec 2026

Thyroid function before diagnosis does not appear to play a major role in bc survival. Although subgroup-specific associations were identified, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to limited statistical power and warrant confirmation in independent populations.

Differences mainly relate to the indication for sentinel lymph node staging. This statement aims to provide a balanced contextualization of these conceptual differences and to support an informed discussion of current international developments.

P3, N=140, Not yet recruiting, Fudan University

P=N/A, N=186, Not yet recruiting, Federico II University

The incidence of brain metastases in each group were 0 (0/3), 33.33% (39/117), 74.55% (82/110) and 100.00% (17/17), respectively. The risk stratification of brain metastasis based on clinicopathological characteristics and levels of related tumor markers are helpful to predict the risk of brain metastasis in non-stage Ⅳ breast cancer patients with HER-2 low expression after systematic treatment, so as to accurately identify patients with high recurrence risk and formulate targeted follow-up strategies for them.

In summary, these findings suggest that E-NACOS exert relevant anti-migratory and pro-apoptotic effects in breast cancer cell models, potentially through oxidative stress associated mechanisms. Although further mechanistic insights and in vivo validation are required, A. faecalis-derived E-NACOS represent a promising bioactive preparation worthy of continued exploration for prospective applications in breast cancer management.

P1, N=60, Recruiting, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc.