P2, N=151, Recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2027

P2, N=162, Not yet recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jul 2028 --> Nov 2027 | Initiation date: Nov 2025 --> Feb 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2028 --> Nov 2027

P1, N=18, Recruiting, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute | Trial completion date: Nov 2025 --> Apr 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2025 --> Apr 2027

Bispecific antibodies such as blinatumomab (anti-CD19), antibody-drug conjugates like inotuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD22), and monoclonal antibodies such as daratumumab (anti-CD38) have demonstrated efficacy in relapsed or refractory disease with improved safety profiles. The integration of targeted and immune-based therapies into conventional regimens represents a decisive step toward precision medicine, aiming to enhance survival outcomes while reducing treatment-related toxicity and improving quality of life in ALL children. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of ALL pathobiology and therapeutic approaches, with particular emphasis on the expanding role of immunotherapeutic strategies in pediatric disease.

Pirtobrutinib demonstrated superiority over BendaR in IRC-assessed PFS in treatment-naïve CLL/SLL. OS trends favored pirtobrutinib despite the study design allowing for crossover. Pirtobrutinib was well tolerated, consistent with its known safety profile, and more favorable than BendaR.

Blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin have become established treatments, enhancing remission rates, measurable residual disease clearance, and overall survival in relapsed/refractory disease, and these agents, are now increasingly incorporated into frontline therapy...In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gemtuzumab ozogamicin has shown significant clinical benefits, particularly in molecularly defined subsets...This review highlights how immunotherapy has reshaped treatment paradigms across acute leukemias, underscoring successful experiences in B-ALL. These insights emphasize the need for continued innovation to overcome existing hurdles in AML and T-ALL, ultimately aiming to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.

P1, N=28, Active, not recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Nov 2025 --> Nov 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2025 --> Nov 2026

P4, N=44, Completed, Pfizer | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

CD24 therefore emerged as an effective target in BCP-ALL, and the combination of CD24 and CD123 as a potential effective double-targeting strategy. The combination of different recognition modalities (eg, a CAR and CD16) should be tested to determine whether it provides synergistic cytotoxic activity in triple targeting.

Patients ≥60 years with Ph-negative B-cell ALL and TP53 VAF ≥45% had poor outcomes, with 4-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of 28%, driven primarily by increased relapse risk, even among patients treated with frontline inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) and/or blinatumomab. TP53 persistence at remission occurred in 44% of tested patients and was associated with increased ALL relapse risk. These results demonstrate that TP53 VAF is prognostic in older patients with Ph-negative B-cell ALL; high VAF may increase relapse risk but is not independently associated with survival in younger patients.

The prognostic model developed in this study offers predictive value in estimating 12-month survival probability for SCLC patients, aiding clinicians in making more informed treatment decisions.

P3, N=1186, Recruiting, Children's Oncology Group | Trial completion date: Sep 2027 --> Jun 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2027 --> Jun 2029