Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2025 update on diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring. (PubMed, Am J Hematol)
Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and nilotinib, are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed CML in the chronic phase (CML-CP)...Patients who develop the T315I "gatekeeper" mutation display resistance to all currently available TKIs except ponatinib, asciminib, and olverembatinib. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains an important therapeutic option for patients with CML-CP and failure (due to resistance) of at least two TKIs and for all patients in advanced-phase disease. Older patients who have a cytogenetic relapse post-failure on all TKIs can maintain long-term survival if they continue a daily most effective/least toxic TKI, with or without the addition of non-TKI anti-CML agents (hydroxyurea, omacetaxine, azacitidine, decitabine, cytarabine, and others).