Torin1

These observations strongly indicate that TORin-1 acts as PAK1-blockers, instead of TOR-blockers, in vivo. Thus, it is most likely that melanogenesis in cell culture could enable us to discriminate PAK1-blockers from TORblockers.

Moreover, Bis A induced negative feedback pathways containing the GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4, PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 and RAF-MEK-ERK axes, but combination treatment of Bis A and rapamycin/torin-1 overcame the potential drug resistance triggered by mTOR pathways. Our study demonstrates that ASNS inhibition is promising for cancer chemotherapy, and Bis A is a potential lead ASNS inhibitor for anticancer development.

Cumulative downregulation of protein synthesis in osteosarcoma OSCA-40 was achieved cooperatively by siTGS1 and Torin-1...The evidence documents TMG-capped mRNAs are hallmarks of the investigated neoplasms and synergy between TGS1 specialized translation and canonical translation is involved in sarcoma recovery from mTOR inhibition. Therapeutic targeting of TGS1 activity in cancer is ripe for future exploration.

Taken together, our results indicated that ACP induced lysosome-mitochondria mediated apoptosis via H3K27ac-regulated CTSD in HCT-116 cells. This study indicates that ACP has anti-cancer potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

We also examined the effects of two mTOR inhibitors, Torin 1 and rapamycin, on TPA-stimulated THP-1 cells...Furthermore, mTOR inhibitors altered the expression of M1/M2 polarization markers. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive effects of mTOR inhibitors may involve the suppression of macrophage endocytosis caused by abnormal cell differentiation.

Autophagy was initially activated, although ATP levels were not altered by inhibitors (chloroquine) or activators (Torin-1). We conclude that this distinct response of hOLs, including resistance to RCD, reflects the combined impact of autophagy failure, increased ROS, and calcium influx, resulting in metabolic collapse and degeneration of cellular structural integrity. Defining the basis of OL injury and death provides guidance for development of neuro-protective strategies.

In this study, we found that autophagy modulators autophinib, CPD18, EACC, bafilomycin A1 (BAFA1), 3-hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), rapamycin, NVP-BEZ235, Torin1, and starvation significantly alter the composition of the protein content of phosphatidylserine-positive EVs (PS-EVs) produced by cancer cells. The altered protein content of PS-EVs (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD037164) also provides information about the cellular compartments and processes that are affected by the applied autophagy modulators. Video Abstract.

We found that TIM-3 expression on ex vivo-expanded NK cells responded to inhibition of both mTOR complexes by torin-1 but not to single mTOR complex inhibition by either rapamycin or JR-AB2-011. We determined that on ex vivo human NK cells, TIM-3 responds to mTOR activation as a possible means to protect NK cell metabolism, cytotoxicity and cytokine production in settings of metabolic inhibition. This protection of NK cells against mTOR inhibition, combined with our previously published data that TIM-3 upregulation increased production of FN-γ production, a cytokine that sensitize glioblastoma to NK-mediated lysis, afford an opportunity to increase the efficacy of NK cell therapy against glioblastoma by the addition of mTOR inhibitors without compromising any of NK cell functions.

Here we explored the role of the mTOR pathway in the regulation of stem cells of GBM by treating them with inhibitors of canonical PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways such as rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), PP242 (ATP binding mTORC1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), and MAPK inhibitor, U0126...Treatment with novel small molecule inhibitors of mTORC1/2 demonstrated that Torin1 and Torin2 suppressed the proliferation of GBM CSC, while XL388 was less effective...Torin2 was able to eradicate tumor cells. In conclusion, Torin2 effectively targeted CSCs of GBM by halting self-renewal and inhibiting cell proliferation, underscoring the use of Torin2 in the treatment of GBM.

Furthermore, xanthatin-mediated pro-apoptosis in glioma cells was significantly reversed by autophagy inducers (rapamycin or Torin1), or PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Taken together, these findings indicate that anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects of xanthatin in glioma are most likely by inhibiting autophagy via activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy against glioma.

We also cross-examine these findings using specific pharmacological inhibitors of mTOR, including rapamycin, JR-AB2-011, and torin-1, against mTORC1, mTORC2, and both complexes, respectively, to demonstrate that TIM-3 expression could provide some functional protection against activities these inhibitors through retention of NK cell activity. Since the tumor microenvironment is highly immunosuppressive, the protection against mTOR inhibition by TIM-3 allowed tumor-infiltrating NK cells to remain metabolically and functionally viable, and affords an opportunity to leverage mTOR inhibitors as adjuvants with NK cell therapy against GBM. Ethics Approval IRB #1804020540

In addition, blockage of mTORC1/2 signaling by Torin-1 abolished the accelerative proliferation by DFNA5 knockdown. In conclusion, these results indicated that DFNA5 inhibits the proliferation and tumor formation of colon cancer cells by suppressing mTORC1/2 signaling.

The impact of autophagy modulation on GPC3 enrichment in exosomes and microvesicles was assessed by treating cells with Torin 1 and Bafilomycin A1...The frequency of GPC3-positive exosomes was higher in patients with HCC (12.4%) compared to exosomes isolated from non-cirrhotic and healthy controls (3.7% and 1.3% respectively, p<0.001). Our results show that GPC3 is enriched in the endolysosomal compartment and released in exosome fractions when autophagy is impaired.

Here, we aim to clarify the role of the hypoxia-responding mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in esophageal CSCs...Torin-1-mediated CSCs upregulation was significantly reduced in cells treated with autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)...These data suggest that autophagy may play a crucial role in mTOR-mediated CSCs repression. Stimulation of the mTOR pathway might aid in the elimination of putative esophageal CSCs.

Since rapamycin and its analogue are less effective in treatment of GB, we used novel ATP-competitive dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2, namely, Torin1, Torin2, and XL388. In addition, formulation of third generation mTOR inhibitor "Rapalink-1" may provide new aspects to target mTOR pathways. Numerous inhibitors are currently being used in clinical trials that are aimed to target activated mTOR pathways.

The mTOR pathway inhibitor Torin1 partially restored the promoting role of RPS15A overexpression on the gastric cancer cell proliferation...In conclusion, PSMC2 and RPS15A were highly expressed in gastric cancer. PSMC2 enhanced RPS15A levels by targeting hsa-let-7c-3p, and then activated mTOR pathway, thereby promoting the progression of gastric cancer.

Smurf1 knockdown in orthotopic GB mouse model impaired tumor growth and enhanced cytotoxicity of Torin1. Together, these findings suggest a rational combination of Smurf1 inhibition and Torin1 as a promising new avenue to circumvent PI3K/Akt pathway-driven tumor progression and drug resistance.

Treatment with PI3K inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, or mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and Torin 1, could not only recover QYLGT-inhibited cell viability of NPC cells but also inhibit Atg3 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that QYLGT could induce autophagic cell death in NPC cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

These results strongly suggest that Torin2, compared to Torin1 or XL388, is more effective in suppressing mTORC1 and mTORC2, and therefore in the inhibition of the GB cell proliferation, dissemination and in overcoming resistance to therapy. These findings underscore the significance of Torin2 in the treatment of GB.

In addition, rapamycin synergized with another ERKi, MEK162, and in turn, trametinib synergized with other mTORi, Torin1 and OSI-027. In xenograft mouse model, co-administration of rapamycin and trametinib caused a substantial suppression in tumor growth without obvious drug toxicity. Overall, our study identifies a reasonable combined strategy for treatment of NSCLC.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib have significantly improved the life expectancy of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph) acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients; however, resistance to TKIs remains a major clinical challenge...Here we report the development of a nonmutational resistance cell line SupB15-RT; conferring resistance to approved ABL kinase inhibitors (AKIs) and allosteric inhibitors GNF-2, ABL001, and crizotinib, except for dasatinib (IC90 50nM), a multitarget kinase inhibitor...Furthermore, Torin-1 and NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptosis in PH and BV cells but not in HP cells. Our experiments provide evidence of the involvement of AKT/mTOR pathway in the evolution of nonmutational resistance in Ph ALL which will assist in developing novel targeted therapy for Ph ALL patients with BCR-ABL1 independent nonmutational resistance.

Interestingly, drug mediated inhibition of mTOR activity with rapamycin or Torin1 in GATOR1 deficient Eµ-Myc cells led to efficient killing of these malignant cells, which was in striking contrast to control EµMyc lymphoma cells that were resistant to this treatment. Excitingly, we observed that targeting the NPRL3 promoter led to accelerated tumour onset in the Eµ-Myc transgenic model, suggesting that NPRL3 is under direct transcriptional control of p53. These results indicate that p53 mediated shutdown of the mTOR pathway through upregulation of the GATOR1 member NPRL3 is a critical tumour suppressive function of p53.

This study aimed to screen the expression profiles of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA of ovarian cancer cells induced by Torin 1 (10 µM)...CircRAB11FIP1 bound to desmocollin 1to facilitate its interaction with ATG101...In general, this study demonstrated that circRAB11FIP1 regulated ATG7 and ATG14 by sponging miR-129. The data suggested that circRAB11FIP1 might serve as a candidate biomarker for EOC diagnosis and treatment.

Finally, we investigated autophagy role in OA-dependent effects by using the autophagy inducer torin-1...We therefore concluded that OA effects in HCC cells lines are, at least, in part dependent on OA-induced autophagy reduction. In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy dependent relevant anti-cancer effect of OA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.

Inhibition of mTORC2 may have benefits in the treatment of gemcitabine resistant cancers, and the genetic background of the cell line may determine its response to mTOR inhibition.

Specifically, we show that FUS association with polyribosomes is increased by Torin1 treatment or when cells are cultured in nutrient-deficient media, but not when cells are treated with rapamycin, the allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1...Importantly, the inhibitory effect on translation by FUS is impaired by mutations that reduce its RNA-binding affinity. These findings demonstrate that FUS is an important RNA-binding protein that mediates translational repression through mTOR-dependent signaling and that ALS-linked FUS mutants can cause a toxic gain of function in the cytoplasm by repressing the translation of mRNA at polyribosomes.

And it was further determined that PI3K inhibitor LY294002, AKT inhibitor Torin1 and mTOR inhibitor MK-2206 suppressed the apoptosis. And it was further determined that PI3K inhibitor LY294002, AKT inhibitor Torin1 and mTOR inhibitor MK-2206 suppressed the apoptosis. In conclusion, SDCBP promotes the growth ability of GC by inducing the PCNA expression and inhibiting GC cell apoptosis via inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

The RIST treatment protocol has a multimodal metronomic therapy design combining molecular-targeted drugs (Rapamycin and Dasatinib) with chemotherapy backbone (Irinotecan and Temozolomide), which is currently verified in a phase II clinical trial (NCT01467986)...By comparing the IC values of Torin-1, Torin-2, AZD3147 and PP242 we established that only Torin-2 inhibited cell viability of all three MycN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines tested at nanomolar concentration...However, at this point we cannot rule out that Torin-2 has increased toxicity due to its potency in more complex systems. Nonetheless, our results suggest that including Torin-2 as a substitute for Rapamycin in the RIST protocol may represent a valid option to be evaluated in prospective clinical trials for relapsed or treatment-refractory high-risk neuroblastoma.

We also found that growth of glioblastoma cells at HD inactivates mTOR and that treatment of cells grown at low density with the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1 down-regulates xCT and inhibits glucose deprivation-induced cell death...These results suggest that HD inactivates mTOR and promotes lysosomal degradation of xCT, leading to improved glioblastoma cell viability under glucose-limited conditions. Our findings provide evidence that the control of xCT protein expression via lysosomal degradation is an important mechanism for metabolic adaptation in glioblastoma cells.

The lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1 increased xCT protein levels in the absence of EGF or in the presence of EGF and Torin 1. Taken together, our study suggests that EGF promotes glioblastoma cell death under glucose-limited conditions via the upregulation of xCT at transcriptional and protein levels in an mTOR-dependent manner.

Notably, the protein-chemical interaction network indicated that caspase 3, mTOR and ULK1 were the essential factors involved in the effects of sesamin treatment, as with anticancer agents, such as rapamycin, AZD8055, Torin1 and 2. Overall, the findings of the present study suggested that sesamin inhibited MOLT-4 and NB4 cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis and autophagy through the regulation of caspase 3 and mTOR/ULK1 signaling, respectively.