Revuforj (revumenib)

Since 2017, a turning point in AML research, 12 agents have received regulatory approval for AML in the United States: venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor); gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CD33 antibody-drug conjugate); midostaurin, gilteritinib, and quizartinib (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors); ivosidenib, olutasidenib, and enasidenib (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 inhibitors); oral azacitidine (a partially absorbable formulation); CPX351 (liposomal encapsulation of cytarabine:daunorubicin at a molar ratio of 5:1); glasdegib (hedgehog inhibitor); and recently revumenib (menin inhibitor; approved November 2024). Oral decitabine-cedazuridine, which is approved as a bioequivalent alternative to parenteral hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome, can be used for the same purpose in AML. Menin inhibitors, CD123 antibody-drug conjugates, and other antibodies targeting CD123, CD33, and other surface markers are showing promising results. Herein, the authors review the frontline and later line therapies in AML and discuss important research directions.

A 71 years old woman received the MENi revumenib (REV) for relapsed/refractory NPM1m AML...However, to our knowledge, this is the first report ever of MENi induced PG-like ND and cutaneous involvement of DS. This report highlights the fact that ND such as PG, as a manifestation of DS, are a possibly severe adverse effect of MENi.

P1/2, N=413, Recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2027

P1, N=8, Recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2024 --> Dec 2024

P3, N=415, Not yet recruiting, Stichting Hemato-Oncologie voor Volwassenen Nederland

P2, N=8, Recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P1/2, N=43, Recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2026

"Foundation Medicine, Inc. today announced a collaboration with Syndax Pharmaceuticals...to develop a companion diagnostic for the identification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients harboring an NPM1 mutation. As part of the collaboration, Syndax will also support Foundation Medicine’s efforts to pursue regulatory approval of an assay based on the FoundationOne Heme platform....If approved, the assay could be the first next-generation sequencing companion diagnostic to detect genomic alterations in hematologic neoplasms, including enhancing the identification of patients with NPM1 mutations who may be eligible for revumenib."

P1; N=27; Not yet recruiting; Sponsor:City of Hope Medical Center

P1, N=30, Completed, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Revumenib led to high remission rates with a predictable safety profile in R/R KMT2Ar acute leukemia. To our knowledge, this trial represents the largest evaluation of a targeted therapy for these patients.

It will focus on the pathophysiology of leukemias sensitive to menin inhibition, delineation of how this understanding led to targeted drug development, and data from clinical trials. The important discovery of resistance mechanisms will also be explored, as well as future directions in using menin inhibitors for treating leukemia.

P1, N=8, Recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Trial completion date: Sep 2024 --> Dec 2024 | Trial primary completion date: May 2024 --> Sep 2024

P2, N=15, Recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

JNJ-75276617 demonstrated synergistic effects with gilteritinib in vitro in AML cells harboring KMT2A-r. JNJ-75276617 further exhibited synergistic effects with venetoclax and azacitidine in AML cells bearing KMT2A-r in vitro, and significantly increased survival in mice...A co-crystal structure of menin in complex with JNJ-75276617 indicates a unique binding mode distinct from other menin-KMT2A inhibitors, including revumenib. JNJ-75276617 is being clinically investigated for acute leukemias harboring KMT2A or NPM1 alterations, as a monotherapy for relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute leukemia (NCT04811560), or in combination with AML-directed therapies (NCT05453903).

Finally, we demonstrate significant synergy between revumenib and the DOT1L inhibitor pinometostat in KMT2A-rearranged ALL, suggesting that such drug combinations represent a potent therapeutic strategy for these patients. Collectively, our findings underscore the complexity of resistance mechanisms and advocate for precise patient stratification to optimize the use of menin inhibitors in KMT2A-rearranged acute leukemia.

To date, this new class of drugs has been tested in phase I and II clinical trials, both alone and in combination with synergistic drugs showing promising results in terms of response rates and safety in heavily pre-treated acute leukemia patients. In this brief review, we summarize the key findings on menin inhibitors, focusing on the mechanism of action and preliminary clinical data on the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with this promising new class of agents, particularly revumenib and ziftomenib.

P1, N=24, Recruiting, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

The impact of revumenib on KMT2Ar or NPM1c AML cells was significantly enhanced when combined with tamibarotene, demonstrating synergistic differentiation or apoptosis initiation. These findings propose promising strategies for relapsed/refractory AML patients with defined molecular characteristics.

P1, N=76, Recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P2, N=78, Recruiting, Children's Oncology Group | Active, not recruiting --> Recruiting

P1, N=22, Not yet recruiting, Maximilian Stahl, MD

P1, N=28, Recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting | Trial completion date: Feb 2024 --> Dec 2027 | Initiation date: Feb 2024 --> Nov 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Feb 2024 --> Dec 2027

P2, N=8, Not yet recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

P2, N=78, Active, not recruiting, Children's Oncology Group | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials confirmed the efficacy of SNDX-5613 (revumenib) and KO-539 (ziftomenib) and their acceptable tolerability. Several small molecule menin inhibitors are currently being evaluated as a combination therapy with standard of care treatments. The current paper reviews the recent progress in exploring the inhibitors of menin-KMT2A interactions and their application prospects in the treatment of acute leukemias.

P2, N=15, Not yet recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

P1, N=76, Not yet recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals

P1/2, N=158, Recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Trial completion date: Sep 2025 --> Aug 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2023 --> Dec 2024

P1, N=30, Active, not recruiting, Syndax Pharmaceuticals | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=54 --> 30

P1, N=24, Not yet recruiting, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

P1, N=28, Not yet recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Phase classification: P1b --> P1

A phase II study of revumenib yielded a response rate of 63% in patients with relapsed or refractory disease and KMT2A rearrangements; a phase I trial combining the drug with three chemotherapies also yielded complete remissions in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. A phase I study of a different menin inhibitor detected responses in 63% of patients with acute leukemia and certain gene alterations.

Patients with CRC must be unable to receive or have disease that progressed on oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab; if left-sided RAS wild-type CRC, the patient must have received anti–epidermal growth factor receptor therapy. As of September 5, 2023, 13 patients were enrolled in phase 1a of this study. Clinical trial information: NCT05731947.

P2, N=78, Recruiting, Children's Oncology Group | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

LSD1 Inhibitor ladademstat in Combination with Menin Inhibitor revumenib has synergistic effect in KMT2A-Rearranged AML models. Surprisingly, we also found that PSIP1, which is essential for inducing MLL-rearranged leukemia, interacts with LSD1. This suggests that PSIP1 may modulate gene expression through its ability to interact with both MLL1 and LSD1.

Rev demonstrated clinically meaningful results in a heavily pretreated KMT2Ar population, including high ORR and rates of MRD negativity and subsequent HSCT. At IA, this pivotal study met its primary endpoint and the KMT2Ar cohorts were stopped early for efficacy.

With 3 patients on revumenib maintenance therapy for more than a year, long-term responses, including conversion to MRD-negative status, were seen in these heavily pretreated patients with AML. Resuming revumenib post HSCT had a tolerable safety profile consistent with that previously reported for the AUGMENT-101 study.

A transcriptomic response (i.e. downregulation of KMT2A-fusion target genes) without a clinical response was the most common pattern of upfront resistance in the recently reported phase I/II clinical trial of the Menin inhibitor revumenib. We conclude that it will be critical to use Menin-inhibitors upfront or in early lines of therapy before substantial clonal evolution has occurred.

BRG1 (SMARCA4) and BRM (SMARCA2) are the core ATPase within the multi-protein, ATP-dependent, chromatin remodeling BAF complexes that regulate gene transcription. Finally, co-treatment with FHD-286 and OTX015 or SNDX-5613 (oral gavage) was significantly more effective than each drug alone in reducing the AML burden and overall survival of mice engrafted with a separate PDX model of AML cells with mtNPM1 and FLT3-ITD, without significant toxicity. These findings demonstrate the pre-clinical efficacy of FHD-286-based rational combinations and underscore their promise against AML with MLL1r or mtNPM1.

In conclusion, multimodal sc analysis revealed profound proteomic alterations induced by revumenib and identified potential therapeutic targets. These findings present new avenues for optimizing combinatorial treatment regimens, enhancing revumenib's efficacy, and illuminating survival mechanisms in persistent, differentiated AML blasts.