KRAS G12C

Furthermore, both inhibitor classes show similar cellular efficacy in the presence of growth factors that drive KRAS, wt NRAS, and wt HRAS to the active state. These data provide the first detailed account of targeting both the active and inactive states of KRAS G12C and highlight the absence of a mechanistic advantage in contexts dependent on prolonged target inhibition.

P=N/A, N=12, Not yet recruiting, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

P1, N=32, Not yet recruiting, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital; Shanghai Ruihongdi Pharmaceutical Co., LTD

P1, N=500, Not yet recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Additionally, it explores the growing role of artificial intelligence in reshaping cancer drug discovery and development frameworks as potential avenues for future research. In conclusion, innovative approaches in oncology, supported by pharmacological research, ongoing clinical trials, molecular biosciences, and artificial intelligence, are poised to significantly transform cancer treatment.

Monotherapy with KRAS G12C inhibitors demonstrated an objective response rate of 23%, while combination therapies with agents such as cetuximab and panitumumab showed a higher response rate of 43%. High heterogeneity across studies suggests variability due to small sample sizes and early-phase trial designs. While preliminary data are promising, further large-scale phase III trials are essential to establish these inhibitors as a standard treatment for KRAS G12C-mutant CRC.

P2, N=10, Completed, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Mar 2027 --> Jan 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2027 --> Jan 2026

This review elaborates on ongoing KRAS-specific siRNA research and evolving KRAS-directed immunotherapies. We conclude by outlining the current KRAS clinical trial landscape and future areas of investigation.

The strong association of KRAS mutations with high PD-L1 expression, irrespective of smoking history, highlights the interplay between genetic and immunological pathways in NSCLC. These findings support the routine implementation of broad molecular testing to guide precision oncology approaches in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Besides, the potential of MC1 as a fluorescent probe for KRAS RG4 was characterized. To sum up, our study provides guidance for the development of KRAS RG4-targeted PDT strategies for the treatment of NSCLC.

P1, N=387, Recruiting, TheRas, Inc., d/b/a BBOT (BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics) | N=287 --> 387

P2, N=68, Active, not recruiting, ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jul 2025