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BIOMARKER:

MSI-H/dMMR

i
Other names: MSI-H, Microsatellite instability - high, dMMR
Related biomarkers:
Related tests:
15h
Molecular Subtypes, microRNAs and Immunotherapy Response in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. (PubMed, Medicina (Kaunas))
The tumor-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been linked to the ability of CRC to evade the immune system and promote its growth. Through comprehensive research conducted via the PUBMED database, the objectives of this paper were to review the molecular characteristics linked to tumor response in metastatic CRC in light of improved patients' outcomes following ICI therapies as seen in clinical trials and to identify particular microRNAs that can modulate the expression of specific oncoproteins, such as PD-L1, and disrupt the mechanisms that allow the immune system to be evaded.
Review • Journal • MSi-H Biomarker • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker • Metastases
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PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
18h
Determination of the Prevalence of Microsatellite Instability, BRAF and KRAS/NRAS Mutation Status in Patients with Colorectal Cancer in Slovakia. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel))
We identified 4 MSI-high samples, 39 KRAS/NRAS mutations, and 5 BRAF p.V600E mutations, with one case of coexistence of all three markers in a single tumor sample. We also evaluated possible relationships between biomarkers, their coexistence, and the age and sex of the studied population.
Journal • Microsatellite instability • MSi-H Biomarker
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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BRAF V600E • KRAS mutation • MSI-H/dMMR • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • BRAF V600
19h
Association between microsatellite status and characteristics and outcomes of early-onset compared to late-onset rectal cancer. (PubMed, Int J Colorectal Dis)
In both age groups, MSI-H rectal cancers were more often mucinous and poorly differentiated carcinomas and had pT3-4 stage more often than MSS cancers. MSI-H rectal cancers tend to present less often with distant metastases and nodal involvement than MSS cancers only in early-onset, but not in late-onset rectal cancers. The association between MSI status and survival was not notable in this study, whether in the early-onset or late-onset groups.
Journal
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
23h
: A Phase Ib/II Study To Evaluate Fruquintinib Monotherapy Or Plus Sintilimab In Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=381, Recruiting, Hutchmed | Trial completion date: Sep 2023 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2023 --> Dec 2025
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
|
PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) • ROS1 (Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase ROS) • IFNA1 (Interferon Alpha 1)
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PD-L1 expression • MSI-H/dMMR • ROS1 fusion • ALK-ROS1 fusion
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Tyvyt (sintilimab) • Fruzaqla (fruquintinib)
23h
The Phoenix Trial: Phase II Trial of Cemiplimab for the Non-operative Management of Localized dMMR Colon Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=50, Not yet recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Apr 2027 --> Apr 2028 | Initiation date: Jan 2024 --> Jan 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2025 --> Apr 2026
Trial completion date • Trial initiation date • Trial primary completion date • Tumor mutational burden
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) • MSH2 (MutS Homolog 2)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Libtayo (cemiplimab-rwlc)
1d
Study of Pembrolizumab Following Surgery in Patients With Microsatellite Instability High (MSI-H) Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=17, Active, not recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting
Enrollment closed • Surgery • Circulating tumor DNA
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
1d
A multicenter study evaluating efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-colorectal digestive cancers with microsatellite instability. (PubMed, Eur J Cancer)
In the absence of randomized trials, our study highlights the superior efficacy of ICI compared with standard-of-care therapy in patients with unresectable or metastatic dMMR/MSI-H non-colorectal digestive cancer, regardless of tumor type, with acceptable toxicity.
Clinical • Journal • Checkpoint inhibition • Microsatellite instability • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
2d
A Study of E7386 in Combination With Other Anticancer Drug in Participants With Solid Tumor (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=181, Recruiting, Eisai Inc. | Trial completion date: Oct 2024 --> Mar 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Mar 2027
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Combination therapy
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EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) • KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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BRAF V600E • MSI-H/dMMR • BRAF V600 • KRAS wild-type • NRAS wild-type
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Lenvima (lenvatinib) • E7386
2d
Anti-CEACAM5 ADC M9140 in Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=180, Recruiting, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. | Trial completion date: May 2025 --> Feb 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2024 --> Feb 2026
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Avastin (bevacizumab) • capecitabine • precemtabart tocentecan (M9140)
2d
Extent of investigation and management of cases of 'unexplained' mismatch repair deficiency (u-dMMR): a UK Cancer Genetics Group consensus. (PubMed, J Med Genet)
Decisions regarding investigations and future cancer risk management in patients and relatives should be nuanced, considering factors like clinical suspicion of hereditary predisposition to allocate limited resources efficiently and avoid unnecessary investigations in low-suspicion families.
Journal • Mismatch repair
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
3d
Microsatellite instability: A 2024 update. (PubMed, Cancer Sci)
Therefore, clinical relevance exists for analyses of MSI and MSI-H-associated genomic alterations in malignancy. In this article, we provide an update on MSI-driven carcinogenesis, with an emphasis on unique landscapes of diagnostic and immunotherapeutic strategies.
Review • Journal • Microsatellite instability • MSi-H Biomarker • IO biomarker
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • NTRK (Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase)
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MSI-H/dMMR • KRAS wild-type • BRAF wild-type • RAS wild-type • RAS wild-type + BRAF wild-type • NTRK fusion
4d
RESET-C: Response to Immunotherapy in MMR-deficient Localized Colon Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=85, Active, not recruiting, Camilla Qvortrup | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Jul 2028 --> Jul 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2025 --> Jul 2024
Enrollment closed • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Surgery
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
4d
A Study of Botensilimab and Balstilimab for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=230, Active, not recruiting, Agenus Inc. | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2024 --> Feb 2025
Trial primary completion date • Combination therapy • Metastases
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EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Stivarga (regorafenib) • Lonsurf (trifluridine/tipiracil) • balstilimab (AGEN2034) • botensilimab (AGEN1181)
7d
Abexinostat in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumor Malignancies (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=35, Completed, Rahul Aggarwal | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Phase classification: P1b --> P1
Trial completion • Phase classification • Combination therapy • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • abexinostat (CG-781)
7d
A Study of PY314 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=86, Terminated, Ikena Oncology | Phase classification: P1a/1b --> P1 | N=288 --> 86 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated; Sponsor business decision.
Phase classification • Enrollment change • Trial termination • Combination therapy • Metastases
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • PD-1 (Programmed cell death 1) • TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
7d
A Phase 1a/1b FIH Study of PY159 and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=127, Terminated, Ikena Oncology | Phase classification: P1a/1b --> P1 | N=343 --> 127 | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Aug 2023 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Aug 2023; Sponsor business decision.
Phase classification • Enrollment change • Trial completion date • Trial termination • Trial primary completion date • Combination therapy • Metastases
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • PD-1 (Programmed cell death 1)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • PY159
7d
SU2C ACT3: Identification and Treatment Of Micrometastatic Disease in Stage III Colon Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
P3, N=400, Recruiting, Massachusetts General Hospital | Trial completion date: Apr 2026 --> Dec 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2025 --> Dec 2026
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
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BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) • MSH2 (MutS Homolog 2)
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BRAF V600E • MSI-H/dMMR • BRAF V600 • MSH6 expression
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Opdivo (nivolumab) • Herceptin (trastuzumab) • Erbitux (cetuximab) • 5-fluorouracil • Perjeta (pertuzumab) • Mektovi (binimetinib) • Braftovi (encorafenib) • irinotecan • leucovorin calcium
7d
CHOMP: A Study of CHeckpoint Inhibitors in Men With prOgressive Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer Characterized by a Mismatch Repair Deficiency or Biallelic CDK12 Inactivation (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=30, Recruiting, VA Office of Research and Development | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2024 --> Mar 2025
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Checkpoint inhibition • Mismatch repair • Metastases
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EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) • MSH2 (MutS Homolog 2) • CDK12 (Cyclin dependent kinase 12) • PMS1 (PMS1 protein homolog 1)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • abiraterone acetate
8d
Study of Pembrolizumab Following Surgery in Patients With Microsatellite Instability High (MSI-H) Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=20, Recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Feb 2024 --> Feb 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Feb 2024 --> Feb 2025
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Surgery • Circulating tumor DNA
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
|
Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
8d
HyPeR: Combination Study of Guadecitabine/ASTX727 and Pembrolizumab (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=34, Recruiting, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust | Active, not recruiting --> Recruiting
Enrollment open • Combination therapy
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Inqovi (decitabine/cedazuridine) • guadecitabine (SGI-110)
8d
Molecular and pathologic data to guide selection of patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer for ovarian preservation. (PubMed, Int J Gynecol Cancer)
The integration of molecular and pathologic data may improve risk stratification of pre-menopausal patients with endometrial cancer and enhance candidate selection for ovarian preservation.
Journal • MSi-H Biomarker
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CTNNB1 (Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1)
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MSI-H/dMMR • CTNNB1 mutation
9d
Pembrolizumab in patients from China with microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficient tumors: KEYNOTE-158. (PubMed, Immunotherapy)
Pembrolizumab provided meaningful and durable responses with manageable safety. These results are consistent with those reported for the global trial.
Journal • Mismatch repair • Microsatellite instability
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
9d
Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinomas With Defective Mismatch Repair: Current Knowledge and Clinical Management. (PubMed, J Natl Compr Canc Netw)
The activity of perioperative chemotherapy-free immune checkpoint regimens in patients with nonmetastatic dMMR/MSI-H cancer is highly promising and underscores the need to identify this unique subgroup. We recommend MMR/MSI testing for all patients with GEA at diagnosis, and review the key rationale and clinical management implications for patient with dMMR/MSI-H tumors across disease stages.
Review • Journal • Mismatch repair • MSi-H Biomarker • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CLDN18 (Claudin 18)
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PD-L1 expression • MSI-H/dMMR • HER-2 overexpression • CLDN18.2 overexpression • CLDN1 overexpression
9d
Imaging-guided prognostic score-based approach to assess the benefits of combotherapy versus monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic MSI-H colorectal cancer patients. (PubMed, Eur J Cancer)
A score based on total tumor volume, lesion count, the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis, and age can guide MSI-H mCRC treatment decisions, allowing oncologists to identify suitable candidates for mono and combo ICI therapies.
Journal • Checkpoint inhibition • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
10d
Long-Term Outcomes of dMMR/MSI-H Rectal Cancer Treated With Anti-PD-1-Based Immunotherapy as Curative-Intent Treatment. (PubMed, J Natl Compr Canc Netw)
Patients with dMMR/MSI-H locally advanced or low-lying rectal cancer who achieved cCR following anti-PD-1-based therapy had promising long-term outcomes. A prospective clinical trial with a larger sample size is required to further validate these findings.
Journal
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
11d
Biliary tract cancers: French national clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (TNCD, SNFGE, FFCD, UNICANCER, GERCOR, SFCD, SFED, AFEF, SFRO, SFP, SFR, ACABi, ACHBPT). (PubMed, Eur J Cancer)
These guidelines are intended to provide a personalised therapeutic strategy for daily clinical practice. Each individual BTC case should be discussed by a multidisciplinary team.
Clinical guideline • Review • Journal • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • FGFR2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) • IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1)
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BRAF V600E • MSI-H/dMMR • HER-2 amplification • BRAF V600 • IDH1 mutation • FGFR2 mutation • FGFR2 rearrangement
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cisplatin • Imfinzi (durvalumab) • gemcitabine • 5-fluorouracil • capecitabine • leucovorin calcium
13d
Pancreatic cancer biomarkers: A pathway to advance in personalized treatment selection. (PubMed, Cancer Treat Rev)
Consequently, there has been a growing interest in biomarkers that may help guide targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, this review aims to offer an updated perspective on biomarkers with therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer.
Review • Journal • Tumor mutational burden • BRCA Biomarker • MSi-H Biomarker • PARP Biomarker • IO biomarker
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden) • BRCA1 (Breast cancer 1, early onset) • BRCA2 (Breast cancer 2, early onset) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • NRG1 (Neuregulin 1) • PALB2 (Partner and localizer of BRCA2) • NTRK (Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase)
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KRAS mutation • MSI-H/dMMR • KRAS G12C • PALB2 mutation • NRG1 fusion • KRAS G12
14d
Study Evaluating Treatment of Sacituzumab-govitecan for Patients With Metastatic Esophagogastric Adenocarcinoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=56, Not yet recruiting, Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH at Krankenhaus Nordwest | Initiation date: Dec 2023 --> Apr 2024
Trial initiation date • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Trodelvy (sacituzumab govitecan-hziy)
14d
Phase classification • Enrollment change • Combination therapy • Mismatch repair
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
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MSI-H/dMMR
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Tyvyt (sintilimab) • IBI310 (ipilimumab biosimilar)
14d
A Study to Evaluate Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=110, Recruiting, Eutilex | Trial completion date: Feb 2025 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2023 --> Sep 2025
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
|
ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • ROS1 (Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase ROS)
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MSI-H/dMMR • RAS mutation
|
EU101
14d
Single cell and bulk RNA sequencing identifies tumor microenvironment subtypes and chemoresistance-related IGF1+ cancer-associated fibroblast in gastric cancer. (PubMed, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis)
We identified four TME-based subtypes with different clinical outcomes and IGF1+ CAFs contributing to poor clinical outcomes in GC, which might provide guidance for individualized treatment and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets.
Journal
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • IGF1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1)
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MSI-H/dMMR • IGF1 overexpression
15d
Clinicopathological features and prognoses in younger and older patients with mismatch repair defects colorectal cancer: a retrospective comparative cohort study. (PubMed, J Gastrointest Oncol)
If feasible, we hope that MSI testing can be performed for all CRC patients to enable targeted testing, with particular attention to monitoring the MSI status in young patients. This will aid clinicians in selecting appropriate treatment strategies for these patients.
Retrospective data • Journal • Mismatch repair • MSi-H Biomarker • IO biomarker
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CEACAM5 (CEA Cell Adhesion Molecule 5)
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MSI-H/dMMR
15d
Systematic Review of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Mismatch Repair Deficient Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: An Emerging Strategy. (PubMed, Dis Colon Rectum)
Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition is associated with high rates of pathologic complete responses in locally advanced colon cancer. The literature is limited, particularly for postoperative outcomes, and more studies are needed to understand the safety and positioning of these regimens in the neoadjuvant context.
Review • Journal • Mismatch repair • Metastases
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR
16d
Assessing the New 2020 ESGO/ESTRO/ESP Endometrial Cancer Risk Molecular Categorization System for Predicting Survival and Recurrence. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel))
The 2020 ESGO molecular classification system demonstrated practical utility and significantly influenced survival outcomes. Immunohistochemistry for TP53 and MMR, along with POLE sequencing, facilitated substantial patient reclassification, underscoring the clinical relevance of molecular risk categories in EC management.
Journal
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TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • POLE (DNA Polymerase Epsilon)
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TP53 mutation • MSI-H/dMMR • POLE mutation
16d
Phase classification
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) • MSH2 (MutS Homolog 2)
|
MSI-H/dMMR • MSH2 mutation • MLH1 mutation • PMS2 mutation
16d
A Study of JAB-21822 in Patients With KRAS p.G12C Mutated Pancreatic Cancer (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=69, Recruiting, Jacobio Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
Enrollment open • Metastases
|
KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
KRAS mutation • MSI-H/dMMR • KRAS G12C • KRAS G12
|
glecirasib (JAB-21822)
17d
Sporadic deficient mismatch repair in colorectal cancer increases the risk for non-colorectal malignancy: A European multicenter cohort study. (PubMed, J Surg Oncol)
In this retrospective European multicenter cohort study, patients with sporadic dMMR CRC had a higher risk for non-colorectal malignancy than those with pMMR CRC. These findings indicate the need for further studies to establish the need for and design of surveillance strategies for patients with dMMR CRC.
Journal • Mismatch repair
|
BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • MLH1 (MutL homolog 1)
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BRAF V600E • MSI-H/dMMR • BRAF V600
17d
How to use anti-PD-1 therapy in gastric cancer: the approach in the United States. (PubMed, Chin Clin Oncol)
With demonstration of single agent activity for anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) agents in gastric cancer with a particularly high degree of activity in microsatellite instability (MSI) high cancers, global clinical trials added nivolumab and pembrolizumab to first line chemotherapy. In locally advanced MSI high gastric cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is being explored as preoperative therapy given the demonstration of a high degree of pathologic complete response to these agents. Some trials may offer patients nonoperative management if a complete response is achieved.
Journal
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MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR
|
Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Opdivo (nivolumab)
17d
XTX301 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=174, Recruiting, Xilio Development, Inc. | N=94 --> 174
Enrollment change • Metastases
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR
|
XTX301
17d
Frameshift mutations in peripheral blood as a biomarker for surveillance of lynch syndrome. (PubMed, J Natl Cancer Inst)
We demonstrated that FSMs can be detected in cfDNA from MSI-H/MMRd cases and asymptomatic carriers. The 122-target FSM panel described here has promise as a tool for improved surveillance of MSI-H/MMRd carriers with the potential to reduce the frequency of invasive screening methods for this high-cancer-risk cohort.
Journal • MSi-H Biomarker
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR
18d
Experience of Pembrolizumab Administration in A Patient with Castration-Resistant Microsatellite Instability-High Prostate Cancer (PubMed, Hinyokika Kiyo)
After 13 courses, his PSA level (462.59 ng/ml) exceeded that at the start of treatment, and progressive disease was detected on imaging. Although case reports of pembrolizumab for MSI-high prostate cancer remain few because of its rarity, it is an important therapeutic option and further clinical research is required.
Journal • Microsatellite instability
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR
|
Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
19d
Palliative Treatment of Metastatic Rectal Cancer (PubMed, Zentralbl Chir)
Palliative treatment of metastatic rectal cancer (mCRC) has developed considerably in recent years, with new therapeutic strategies such as induction and maintenance therapies, the establishment of targeted therapies and molecularly defined strategies in defined subgroups such as MSI-H-patients. The following article presents evidence based therapeutic options and algorithms.
Journal • Metastases
|
MSI (Microsatellite instability)
|
MSI-H/dMMR