While mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, selumetinib and mirdametinib, can reduce tumor volume, surgical resection remains the primary treatment for immediate debulking and symptom relief. These results provide the first evidence that ECM stiffening, such as that arising from postsurgical remodeling, directly drives pNF1 progression and therapeutic resistance. Our findings highlight mechanobiology as a key regulator of tumor behavior and support targeting ECM mechanics to improve clinical outcomes in NF1 patients.

Additionally, flow cytometry analysis showed that the ERK inhibitor PD98059 reversed the S phase cell cycle arrest induced by TMEM121 overexpression. Collectively, these findings suggest that TMEM121 exerts its inhibitory effects on the growth, proliferation, and invasion of cervical cancer cells through its interaction with ERK, providing a theoretical basis for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer.

P4, N=165, Active, not recruiting, Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Nov 2026

P1, N=14, Active, not recruiting, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute | Trial completion date: Dec 2028 --> Dec 2026

P1/2, N=57, Active, not recruiting, Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium | Trial completion date: Jun 2030 --> Mar 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2027 --> Mar 2026

Treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib was initiated, but the patient died within three months. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of EHE due to its rarity and variable clinical presentation, which often delays diagnosis until advanced stages. The report highlights the aggressive nature of pleural EHE and lack of standardised treatments, emphasising the need for early recognition.

Pharmacological inhibition of FAK with single agent VS-4718 did not significantly reduce macroscopic tumor volume; however, its use in combination with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor selumetinib resulted in both a significant reduction in tumor volume and the preservation of dorsal root ganglion architecture. Our findings establish a critical role for FAK in schwannoma development and provide rationale for evaluation of combination FAK plus MEK inhibition in future clinical trials for NF2-associated SWN.

Encorafenib, cetuximab, and binimetinib are targeted therapies developed for metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation. The case highlights the potential use of BRAF V600E targeted therapy in BRAF V600E-mutated duodenal cancer and the importance of molecular profiling in rare cancers. Further research is needed on the effect and safety of targeted therapy for small bowel adenocarcinoma.

IFNG, PTPN6, SLC38A1, and SOCS1 may serve as potential biomarkers of poor prognosis in SKCM patients. These genes demonstrate predictive value for immunotherapy response and drug sensitivity, particularly indicating susceptibility to selumetinib treatment, and therefore show substantial potential for clinical translation.

P1, N=104, Completed, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Oct 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 --> Oct 2025

P2, N=40, Recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Mar 2026 --> Mar 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2026 --> Mar 2027