IR overexpression

Intriguingly, membranous IR expression was associated with worse tumor specific survival (p = 0.017) in the subgroup of patients undergoing sorafenib therapy. IGF1R expression was not associated with survival. In conclusion, our results suggest that membranous IR expression plays a role in HCC prognosis and treatment resistance, inspiring future validation as a potential companion diagnostic in HCC.

INSR upholds a bioenergetic phenotype in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells, independent of its kinase activity. Similarity of phenotypes elicited by deletion of one or both copies of INSR suggest a dose-dependent threshold for INSR impact on mammary tumorigenesis.

The findings indicate that IRS1 is a key molecule in the connection between oxidative stress and CCA progression. Therefore, IRS1 and its related genes can be used as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for CCA therapy.

Thus, our findings provide the first characterization of the molecular cross-talk between DDR1 and the IGF-I system and could lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in bladder cancer. Moreover, the expression profiles of IGF-IR, IR-A, DDR1, and downstream effectors could serve as a novel biomarker signature with diagnostic and prognostic significance.