CD24 therefore emerged as an effective target in BCP-ALL, and the combination of CD24 and CD123 as a potential effective double-targeting strategy. The combination of different recognition modalities (eg, a CAR and CD16) should be tested to determine whether it provides synergistic cytotoxic activity in triple targeting.
Patients ≥60 years with Ph-negative B-cell ALL and TP53 VAF ≥45% had poor outcomes, with 4-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of 28%, driven primarily by increased relapse risk, even among patients treated with frontline inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) and/or blinatumomab. TP53 persistence at remission occurred in 44% of tested patients and was associated with increased ALL relapse risk. These results demonstrate that TP53 VAF is prognostic in older patients with Ph-negative B-cell ALL; high VAF may increase relapse risk but is not independently associated with survival in younger patients.
Recent advances in immunotherapy, including blinatumomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, and CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy, have shown significant efficacy and favorable tolerability in pediatric and adult DS-ALL. Emerging approaches incorporating early immunotherapy, MRD-guided treatment, and chemotherapy-free regimens may improve survival and quality of life. Prospective DS-specific trials are essential to optimize therapy and close the outcome gap in this high-risk population.