The results showed that the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was effective in reducing the prevalence of vaccine-type HPV and the incidence of infection by any HPV type. Public health policies must encourage vaccination to prevent HPV infection. However, surveillance of HPV infection should be continued to assess the prevalence of different genotypes and the impact of the vaccination program.
HPV vaccination was associated with a lower number of treatments per year, supporting the use of vaccination as an adjuvant treatment. Vaccination as adjuvant treatment to surgery may lead to increased quality of life for RRP patients and saved healthcare resources.
In conclusion, most cases of HPV-associated glandular dysplastic changes and neoplasia occurred in sexually active women aged between 35 and 60 years. In addition, endocervical adenocarcinoma may occur at any age with or without an HPV infection.
These findings present a mapping of HPV, EBV, HCMV and HAdV, including the HPV surrogate marker p16, in LSCC in this cohort. Except for EBV, which was detected in a third of the samples, data show viral infection to be uncommon, and that p16 does not appear to be a specific surrogate marker for high-risk HPV infection in LSCC.