The non-clinical liver toxicity was driven by dual epitope binding and hexamerization features, independent of FcγR-mediated crosslinking. Overall, these findings suggest that the TRAIL pathway has potential as a target for cancer therapy, provided tumor-specificity is sufficiently high to achieve an acceptable therapeutic index.

P1, N=411, Recruiting, Inhibrx Biosciences, Inc | Trial completion date: Dec 2026 --> Jun 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Dec 2028

P2, N=206, Active, not recruiting, Inhibrx Biosciences, Inc | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

To specifically characterize this TCR repertoire, we analyzed VDJ sequences across 2 datasets and identified distinct TCR usage among CD4+ MAIT cells including TRAV21, TRAV8 (TRAV8-1, TRAV8-2, TRAV8-3), and TRAV12 families (TRAV12-2, TRAV12-3), as well as more variable J segment, CDR3α, and TRBV sequences. TRAV1-2- MAIT cell TCRs were also enriched after in vitro culture with interleukin-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results indicate that mature human CD4+ MAIT cells adopt distinct TCR usage from the canonical TRAV1-2+ CD8+ subset and suggest that alternative MR1 ligands in addition to riboflavin intermediates may select for them.

P1, N=4, Terminated, AbbVie | N=40 --> 4 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated; Strategic considerations

P1, N=272, Terminated, IGM Biosciences, Inc. | Trial completion date: Aug 2027 --> Jan 2025 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Jan 2025; Study terminated due strategic corporate pivot to focus on auto-immune indications

P1, N=40, Active, not recruiting, AbbVie | Trial completion date: Jan 2025 --> Jul 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2025 --> Jul 2025

To specifically characterize this TCR repertoire, we analyzed VDJ sequences of single MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer + MAIT cells across two datasets and identified distinct TCR usage among CD4 + MAIT cells including TRAV21, TRAV8 (TRAV8-1, TRAV8-2, TRAV8-3), and TRAV12 families (TRAV12-2, TRAV12-3), as well as more variable J chain and CDR3 sequences. Non-TRAV1-2 MAIT cell TCRs were also enriched after in vitro expansion, including with Mycobacterial tuberculosis . These results indicate that mature human CD4 + MAIT cells adopt distinct TCR usage from the canonical TRAV1-2 + CD8 + subset and suggest that alternative MR1 ligands in addition to riboflavin intermediates may select them.

In summary, the combination of anti-PD-1 and TLY012 prevented the growth of PDAC in an immunocompetent mouse model while increasing tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, decreasing circulating T-regulatory cells and altering plasma cytokine expression of CCL5, interferon-gamma, and IL-3 to promote proinflammatory, antitumor effects. Combining TLY012 and anti-mouse PD-1 modifies immune cell and cytokine levels to induce a more proinflammatory immune environment that contributes to decreased PDAC tumor growth.

We investigated whether DR5 agonists could rescue mice from toxic effects of radiation and found two different agonists, parenteral PEGylated trimeric-TRAIL (TLY012) and oral TRAIL-Inducing Compound (TIC10/ONC201) could reduce pneumonitis, alveolar-wall thickness, and oxygen desaturation. Irradiated mice had reduced esophagitis characterized by reduced epithelial disruption and muscularis externa thickness following treatment with ONC201 analogue ONC212. The discovery that short-term treatment with TRAIL pathway agonists effectively rescues animals from pneumonitis, dermatitis and esophagitis following high doses of thoracic radiation exposure has important translational implications.

P2, N=201, Recruiting, Inhibrx Biosciences, Inc | Trial completion date: Jul 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Sep 2025

P1, N=321, Recruiting, Inhibrx Biosciences, Inc | N=240 --> 321 | Trial completion date: Jul 2026 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jun 2026