TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane serine protease 2)

Furthermore, serum Phi combined with urinary PCA3-T2:ERG outperformed urinary PCA3-T2:ERG in each of the 3 algorithms reflecting different potential clinical workflows: (1) serum Phi and urine PCA3-T2:ERG tested simultaneously, either exceeding its own threshold (P = .04); (2) urine PCA3-T2:ERG first and those in the grey zone resolved by subsequent serum Phi (P = .03); and (3) serum Phi first and those in the grey zone resolved by subsequent urine PCA3-T2:ERG (P = .002). Combining serum Phi with urinary PCA3 RNA alone or together with urinary T2:ERG RNA, simultaneously or sequentially, improves selection of men for initial prostate biopsy and represents an avenue to improve early detection of aggressive PCa.

Trichodermamide B targets catalase while mediating crosstalk between the catalase axis and the AR signalling axis to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Its efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models underscore its viability as a novel drug candidate for prostate cancer treatment.

WWOX2 serves as a tumor suppressor, whereas FUT1 functions as a promoter of malignancy. The interplay between tumor inducers and suppressors may serve as a survival mechanism for cancer cells, a subject that has received limited research attention.

PARP inhibition with olaparib increased residual γH2AX/53BP1 foci post-irradiation in ERG+ cells, indicating enhanced radiosensitization...These findings suggest that ERG expression promotes dependency on PARP1-EJ, rendering ERG+ PCa more susceptible to PARP inhibition. Combining PARP inhibitors with RT may offer a tumor-selective radiosensitization for ERG+ PCa patients.

As an overall conclusion, the experimental findings indicate that CarvenS™ demonstrates substantial enzyme inhibitory activity relevant to both antiviral and anti-inflammatory pathways. Further in vivo studies are needed to validate these results and clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Furthermore, phytochemicals isolated from EMC-including p-coumaric acid, rutin, and quercetin-exhibited comparable inhibitory effects. These results indicate that EMC and its bioactive constituents may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 entry by modulating the ACE2/TMPRSS2 axis, highlighting their potential as natural adjuncts for COVID-19 prevention or management.

The outcomes of single anticancer agents were in line with those of pivotal trials. Although observed in a highly selected population of PC patients who survived SARS-CoV-2 infection and were able to resume/maintain anticancer therapy, the survival outcomes of this study appear to be in line with those reported in pivotal studies, and SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to have adversely affected long-term oncological outcomes.

Certain immunohistochemical, radiological, and molecular parameters may be predictive of pathological upgrading in GG1 prostate cancer. Incorporation of these biomarkers into diagnostic evaluation and treatment planning may aid in refining risk stratification and avoiding overtreatment in clinically indolent cases. Although ADCtumor values were significantly associated with upgrading, their correlation with molecular markers such as PTEN, ERG, Ki-67, and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion were not statistically significant.

The TMPRSS2 rs12329760 T allele is associated with elevated prostate cancer risk and more severe clinicopathological features in Moroccan men. These findings highlight the potential prognostic relevance of the V160M variant and emphasize the need for further cellular and molecular studies to elucidate its functional role in AR signaling, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion biology, and ERG-related tumor aggressiveness. Such insights may contribute to the development of risk-stratified PCa management and tailored active surveillance strategies.

In conclusion, p53 staining was consistently associated with aggressive PCa and may serve as a reliable prognostic marker. High ETS2 expression correlates with delayed PSA recurrence in p53-negative tumors.

FOXA1 defines a major oncogenic axis in prostate cancer, distinct from TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and PROX1 induction. Class 1 and 2 FOXA1 mutations drive alternative transcriptional programs leading to therapy resistance, highlighting FOXA1 as a critical biomarker and target for chromatin-directed interventions.

AI-assisted SELEX is a promising strategy for accelerating high-affinity aptamer discovery and assembling multiplex urinary panels for PCa, but current evidence is early phase, heterogeneous, and largely single-center. Priorities include standardized uEV processing, complete 2 × 2 diagnostic reporting, multicenter external validation, calibration and decision impact analyses, and harmonized LoD and Kd reporting frameworks.