The 6-week IMQ-applied IL-10 KO model may better reflect chronic and severe psoriasis with gut-related comorbidities, offering a valuable platform to investigate the gut-skin axis.

A standard drug group receiving methotrexate (MTX) was included to benchmark the efficacy of aloesin. MTX, as a standard comparator, allowed for direct benchmarking of aloesin anti-psoriatic effects. Psoriasis treatment could benefit from this approach in the future.

To overcome these barriers, a pH-responsive solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) system was engineered to co-deliver CB-5083 (a VCP/p97 inhibitor), miR-142 (a PD-L1-targeting microRNA), and imiquimod (R, a TLR7 agonist) for spatially confined induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and immune reprogramming in MSS CRC. Biodistribution analysis confirmed tumor-preferential accumulation with minimal off-target exposure, and biosafety profiling demonstrated low systemic toxicity. This TME-responsive nanoplatform therefore integrates ERS induction, checkpoint modulation, and cytokine suppression to overcome immune exclusion in MSS CRC, representing a clinically translatable strategy for chemo-immunotherapy in immune-refractory tumors.

P1/2, N=18, Recruiting, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell

P2, N=116, Active, not recruiting, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jun 2025

Anti IL-2/IL-2 complex therapy effectively ameliorated the clinical manifestations of psoriasis, with no apparent side effects, providing a new strategy for treating psoriasis.

P2, N=20, Recruiting, Melanoma Institute Australia | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jun 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jun 2026

SA-5 had comparable immunostimulatory activity to GS-9620 but with reduced adverse biomarker shifts. In aged macaques, efficacy was maintained with modestly increased safety responses. These findings support SA-5 as a safer next-generation TLR7 agonist effective across age groups, highlighting integrated biomarker profiling in preclinical immunomodulatory drug development.

Topical imiquimod successfully cured the lesion only after abatacept discontinuation in the patient. Our case suggests that abatacept has depleted the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophages upon contact with imiquimod, which is a toll-like receptor 7 ligand.

In vivo, imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation in mice shows similar patterns of Hpa1 upregulation, Hpa2 downregulation, and Hpa1-dependent chemokines production and neutrophils recruitmentto lesional sites. These findings suggest that HPA1 and HPA2 contribute to the establishment and/or maintenance of psoriatic lesions. Modulating their expression or activity could provide a more precise understanding of their contribution to skin inflammation.

Comparative analyses highlight that modern alternatives-such as cryotherapy, cisplatin-based protocols, and topical imiquimod-achieve higher efficacy and lower recurrence rates in many clinical settings. Future directions include randomized controlled trials, standardized protocols, and innovative approaches such as checkpoint inhibition, CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of viral oncogenes, and nanoparticle delivery systems. This review provides a balanced and data-driven synthesis of BCG immunotherapy, clarifying its historical contributions, current limitations, and translational opportunities for advancing equine and comparative oncology.

P1, N=7, Completed, Mayo Clinic | Active, not recruiting --> Completed