Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

P=N/A, N=200, Recruiting, Shanghai 6th People's Hospital | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2027

P2/3, N=504, Active, not recruiting, University College, London | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Mar 2031

Overall, CD8+ T cells in HT-PTC exhibited no pronounced exhaustion-associated feature pattern and retained functional activity. This immune profile may be linked to the relatively less aggressive behavior observed in HT-PTC and provides a biological reference for future immune-informed risk stratification strategies.

MLH1 promoter methylation, MMR deficiency, and CDX2 are rare events in PTC and do not appear to influence PFS. Although infrequent, the expression of CDX2 is not exclusive to any PTC subtype.

A prediction model based on TCGA data in female patients was developed that demonstrated an AUC of 0.88 in an external validation cohort for predicting recurrence, providing prognostic information that improves predictions beyond standard clinical parameters. Sex-dependent differences, specifically in TNFα and estrogen response pathways, in thyroid cancer recurrence have important implications for prognosis and treatment.

This case presents as a pitfall due to squamous differentiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which was initially misinterpreted as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma on fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the lymph node in the neck. Subsequent surgical resection reveals a unique rare occurrence of isolated anaplastic transformation of tall cell PTC in the metastatic lymph nodes, associated with the extremely rare co-occurrence of BRAF p.V600E and KRAS p.G12R mutations.

This review summarizes the key pathologic and molecular features associated with aggressive behavior in DTC, highlighting their diagnostic criteria, prognostic significance, and implications for clinical management. Comprehensive pathologic evaluation integrating morphologic and molecular findings remains essential for accurate risk stratification and multidisciplinary care of patients with thyroid carcinoma.

These findings indicate that the targeted NGS 4-gene panel provides high diagnostic precision in distinguishing benign from malignant nodules. Its implementation offers a cost-effective, efficient molecular diagnostic strategy that may reduce unnecessary diagnostic procedures and facilitate optimized clinical management.

This study suggests that pathologic prescreening can enrich for targetable gene rearrangements in BRAF wild-type PTC and serve as a resource-sparing strategy before RNA sequencing. In prescreened cases, ALK IHC performed well, while pan-TRK and RET IHC had limitations.

Even so, three were alive with disease at distant metastatic sites. Whether this is a consistent finding in this tumor category remains to be addressed as more patient series are published.

P2, N=41, Completed, Grupo Espanol de Tumores Neuroendocrinos | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 --> Nov 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Nov 2025 | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Together, these results provide conceptual insight into how the mechanical microenvironment shapes cell behavior in PTC. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-026-00895-0.