Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

This study provides new insights into the gene expression profile of thyroid CSC-like cells and their interactions with cells constituting tumor tissues.

The localization of anaplastic transformation solely to lymph nodes without thyroidal involvement underscores the importance of meticulous histopathological assessment. Comprehensive diagnostic workup and molecular profiling are critical in guiding treatment for such complex presentations.

The practical significance of this work lies in the possibility of considering the identified genomic and epigenomic features when choosing surgical intervention and adjuvant therapy, thereby increasing the chances for long-term remission. Additionally, it emphasizes the standardization of analytical methods and the development of a unified system for evaluating the combined genetic alterations, which could enhance the quality of prognostic stratification and more effectively tailor treatment strategies.

This article focuses on the interaction mechanism of cells and molecules in the tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) involved in the occurrence and development of TC and analyzes its potential value as a therapeutic target. In addition, the latest clinical trials related to immunotherapy for TC are summarized.

Transcriptomic analyses revealed mutation-specific effects on the microenvironment, whereby DICER1 mutations activated canonical thyroid cancer progression pathways, whereas altered DGCR8 associated with immune-related changes. This work unveils specific molecular events underlying malignant progression of miRNA-biogenesis-related thyroid tumors and identifies potential biomarkers and disease etiology mechanisms.

The optimized multi-molecular logistic regression model (Model 2) built on 11 signature genes can effectively predict lymph node metastasis risk in PTC patients, demonstrating robust cross-sex stability, strong compatibility across multiple ML algorithms, and potential clinical utility as a preoperative decision-support tool for lymph node status assessment and personalized treatment planning.

Afirma GSC has a high BCR and improved performance over earlier generation molecular tests in oncocytic thyroid nodules, particularly for Bethesda IV. However, the PPV in Bethesda III nodules remains low, especially in the presence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Furthermore, overexpression of MD2 in macrophages significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis through TAM reprogramming. Collectively, these findings highlight a critical role of MD2 in regulating TAM polarization and suggest macrophage-targeted modulation of MD2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for ATC.

P1, N=8, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | N=18 --> 8 | Trial completion date: Nov 2025 --> Feb 2027

P2, N=174, Recruiting, Boehringer Ingelheim | Trial completion date: Jul 2027 --> Feb 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2027 --> Sep 2027

P=N/A, N=131, Completed, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

Importantly, CFI did not affect TC cell-autonomous proliferation, suggesting that its pro-tumoural effects are mediated by the TME rather than directly on tumour cells. Collectively, Our findings establish RARγ/CFI signalling as a microenvironmental rheostat controlling TAM polarisation and provide new insights into the immunobiology of thyroid cancers.