Thymic Carcinoma

P2, N=25, Recruiting, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2025 --> Sep 2026

P2, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Initiation date: Jan 2026 --> Jun 2026

TIM3, GTF2I, and XPO1 are highly expressed in the epithelial compartment of TETs, providing a rationale for therapeutic targeting in future immunotherapy trials. Differential IHC expression of TIM3, OX40L, GTF2I, XPO1, and GITR defines distinct TET subtypes with independent prognostic relevance, enabling more accurate risk assessment in these highly heterogeneous thoracic malignancies.

P2, N=36, Recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Apr 2026 --> Apr 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2026 --> Apr 2027

P2, N=53, Recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Dec 2028 --> Jun 2028

While these findings require validation in larger cohorts, they support a thymic origin for CASTLE and establish its molecular distinction from follicular-derived thyroid cancers. The immunogenic tumor landscape suggests that immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly those targeting PD-1/PD-L1, may be a promising therapeutic strategy, alongside emerging targets for precision oncology.

P2, N=53, Recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jun 2027 --> Dec 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2026 --> Dec 2027

P3, N=0, Withdrawn, Fudan University | Recruiting --> Withdrawn

P2, N=20, Jiangsu Province Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University); Jiangsu Province Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital wi

Although gene amplification is rare, protein expression is more frequent, suggesting potential for targeted therapy. Detailed molecular profiling and innovative research methods are essential to further explore the therapeutic potential of HER2 in these rare cancers.

Prognosis in TETs relies primarily on histology and staging, whereas molecular and immunological biomarkers represent emerging tools for risk stratification and treatment selection. Multiparametric models integrating clinical, pathological, and molecular data may pave the way for precision oncology in TETs.

Novel therapeutic approaches are emerging, including PRMT5 inhibitors in MTAP-deficient tumors, TROP-2-directed antibody-drug conjugates (e.g., sacituzumab govitecan), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies targeting mesothelin. Bispecific agents such as bintrafusp alfa and ivonescimab, which co-target various pathways, offer innovative strategies. Despite these advances, TC remains a challenging malignancy with no standardized treatment algorithm. Collaborative efforts across institutions will be essential to accelerate progress and improve outcomes in this rare disease.