Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor

P3, N=40, Active, not recruiting, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. | Trial completion date: Feb 2026 --> Mar 2027

P1/2, N=120, Active, not recruiting, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2026 --> Aug 2028

P2, N=9, Completed, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Differentiating benign intra-articular tumors from SAH remains difficult, particularly among younger and female patient populations with acute presentations of TGCT which, as observed in the present study, may be explained by histopathologic evidence of tumor pedicle torsion and resultant necrosis. MRI can be valuable in identifying intra-articular lesions given that clinical and laboratory findings are frequently equivocal. The proposed diagnostic algorithm offers a framework for identifying cases where preoperative MRI may be beneficial, though it requires validation in larger studies.

Ferroptosis, immune, and proliferation markers differ significantly between TGCT subtypes and recurrence status. The ACSL4+CD8 signature shows excellent potential for subtype differentiation, while the Ki-67+CSF1R+tumor diameter index is a strong recurrence predictor. These exploratory findings support targeted biomarker use in TGCT management, though external validation in larger, prospective cohorts is required.

An arthroscopic examination revealed numerous white synovial, chondromate-like tissues under the articular capsule, and D-TGCT was diagnosed based on the histopathological results. One year after the surgery, the patient had good functional recovery and no tumor recurrence.

P2/3, N=100, Recruiting, Synox Therapeutics Limited | Active, not recruiting --> Recruiting

Our case emphasises that intra-articular NF is a rare entity that can mimic more common intra-articular tumours. The detection of USP6 on histopathological analysis allows accurate diagnosis and treatment.

P2, N=20, Recruiting, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P=N/A, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Nantes University Hospital

P2, N=20, Not yet recruiting, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Although representing just 5% of all identified factors, these appeared in 69% of the included studies, highlighting their prominence in the literature. Apart from the well-known osteoclastogenesis factor CSF1, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and monocyte-macrophage lineage makers (CD68, CD163) are signalling pathways key to TGCT disease progression and associated bone destruction.