TargomiR (EGFREDVmiR-16)

Approaches include targeting viral transcripts directly (e.g., siRNAs against HBV surface antigen) or host factors critical for viral replication (e.g., anti-miR-122 miravirsen for HCV)...These include TargomiR (a miR-16 mimic for mesothelioma), cobomarsen (an anti-miR-155 for lymphomas), and MRX34 (a miR-34a mimic for various solid tumours)...Despite promising preclinical results, clinical translation has been hampered by issues like insufficient delivery efficiency to human tumours, toxicity, and the complex, interconnected regulatory networks of miRNAs, which can lead to unpredictable off-target effects. While RNA therapeutics hold immense promise, overcoming delivery barriers and enhancing understanding of RNA regulatory networks are essential for future success.

Despite the early challenges of miRNA‑based therapies, advancements in miRNA delivery systems, including TargomiR‑ and liposome‑based approaches, offer promising avenues for clinical applications. The present review highlights the role of miRNAs as biomarkers and modulators in cancer radiotherapy and discusses ongoing research on miRNA delivery mechanisms to improve therapeutic outcomes. Future studies are needed to address the challenges of miRNA pleiotropy and safety in clinical applications, to advance miRNA‑based interventions in precision oncology, and to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy across various cancer types.