Hypoxia upregulated the MSC-AS1/ITGA5 axis and increased VEGFA/PD-L1 expression, along with changes in the migrasome-related protein TSPAN4, suggesting a potential association with migrasome-related molecular features, which requires direct experimental validation. Collectively, our findings establish a novel MRL-based signature for prognostic prediction in HNSCC and highlight the hypoxia-responsive MSC-AS1/ITGA5 axis as a promising target for combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
Targeted inhibition of TNT-mediated mitochondrial transfer markedly suppresses TB in TBO and xenograft models. Together, our results reveal a mechano-metabolic symbiosis between PDGFRα+/integrin α2+ CAFs and OSCC cells that drives TB and provides actionable targets to block this aggressive metastatic precursor.