S100B (S100 Calcium Binding Protein B)

Pre-analytical confounders (blood collection tubes, hemolysis, storage conditions), platform-dependent analytical variation, lack of external quality assessment programs, and scarcity of demonstrations of clinical utility in prospective biomarker-directed research are critical translational barriers. Such standardized handling of specimens, commutable reference materials, and reporting of the characteristics of analytical performance would be clearly linked to effective clinical use in accordance with the requirements of laboratory medicine.

Biomarker correlations suggest potential for monitoring severity and recovery. Larger long-term studies are needed to clarify their role in neurocognitive outcomes.

While promising, the translation of these biomarkers into clinical practice is hindered by methodological limitations, including assay heterogeneity and lack of large-scale validation. Future standardization of these molecular signatures is a critical step toward implementing precision medicine in stroke rehabilitation.

Additionally, metastasis-free primary tissues exhibited upregulated expression of S100B when compared to primary tissues that metastasized. Our study highlights the potential contributions of microvasculature to metastatic progression in TNBC, presenting new opportunities to explore them as potential biomarkers of TNBC metastasis.

The results support using the studied inflammation markers to assess the prognosis of the disease development and the risk of psychosis manifestation in young patients.

Inflammatory and neuronal injury biomarkers may have prognostic value and may potentially inform treatment response and remission outcomes in apathy. Apathy in Dementia Methylphenidate Trial 2 (ADMET2), NCT02346201, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02346201.

NG2 was associated with both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, indicating a more balanced modulatory role, while Neurocan exhibited stronger correlations with neuroprotective markers. These findings highlight the importance of spatial and temporal context for SCI regenerative therapies targeting glial scar responses and support the therapeutic potential of subpial ChABC delivery for modifying the anti-regenerative inhibitory microenvironment following SCI.

This review outlines emerging circulating, tissue-derived and imaging biomarker candidates in VS that may complement MRI and support more precise diagnosis, monitoring, and individualized management.

Nevertheless, variability in assay performance and sampling timing continues to limit widespread clinical adoption. Future research should prioritize methodological standardization, analytical validation, and the integration of multi-omic data with machine learning-based predictive models.

The constructed immunosensor exhibited a linear detection range for S100B from 100 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 65 fg/mL. The high performance and enhanced sensitivity of the immunosensor make it a promising tool for the early diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence, and personalized treatment of melanoma.

The M2 GB and M6 GB models of transplanted tissues reproduce key characteristics of human GB, including similar intracellular immune profiles, clinical and morphological features, and gene expression patterns, which are important for further research in neurological oncology. These models can be used to develop diagnostic and treatment methods and to study tumor genesis.

Notably, NSPCs exposed to conditioned media from cells irradiated at 2 Gy and 8 Gy exhibited increased expression of SOX9 and S100B, respectively, suggesting a shift toward a gliogenic fate. Our findings suggest that this microfluidic model is valuable for exploring radiation-induced neurocognitive dysfunction and identifying potential therapeutic targets.