RET expression

As observed in other tumors, we presume striking interactions between NF-κB, Nrf2, and Phox2B, which might constitute an important crosstalk triangle, whose decompensation may trigger a more aggressive phenotype. Consequently, these transcription factors could be a promising target for novel therapeutic approaches and hence, further investigation on their regulation in neuroblastoma shall be reinforced.

cMET and TROP2 were frequently expressed in RET+ aNSCLC, EGFR and HER3 were present in a lower proportion, HER2 was rarely found. These markers were not associated with a prognostic or predictive impact on RETi outcomes. The activity of novel therapeutic agents should be evaluated in this setting.

Dual inhibition of RET and CDK8 restricted cell proliferation by producing multimodal oxidative stress responses in treated cells. Our data suggest that epigenetically enhanced RET protects KMT2A-r AML cells from oxidative stresses, which could be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy.

In this study, we investigated PLM-101, a novel dual-target inhibitor of RET/YES1, which exhibits notable anti-cancer activities against CCDC6-RET-positive cancer cells and anti-metastatic effects against YES1-positive cancer cells. Our findings shed light on the significance of the YES1-Cortactin-actin remodeling pathway in the metastasis of lung cancer cells, establishing YES1 as a promising target for suppression of metastasis. This paper unveils a novel inhibitor that effectively targets both RET and YES1, thereby demonstrating its potential to impede the growth and metastasis of RET rearrangement lung cancer.

We show that their knockdown in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells reduces RET and/or EDNRB gene expression, expanding the RET-EDNRB GRN. The human embryos we studied had major remodeling of the gut transcriptome but were unlikely to have had HSCR: thus, genetic or epigenetic changes in addition to those in RET are required for aganglionosis.

Well-separated tumor clusters confirmed the association between MET gene and collective expression of RTK genes. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of multi-kinase inhibitors targeting MET and the 9 other significant RTKs needs to be explored.

This study demonstrates that pyrotinib in combination with albumin-bound paclitaxel as a first-line treatment regimen shows good efficacy and a manageable safety for patients with HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer after adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant trastuzumab therapy. PFS was shorter in patients with visceral metastases. TLR3 and RET were the proteins that significantly associated with PFS in patients.

From a different point of view, it has been reported to improve glucose intolerance due to its potent anti-obesity effect, and NAFLD by enhancing metformin action in diabetic mouse models... GDF15 and FGF21, both liver-derived cellular stress response mitokines, have their blood levels increased in NAFLD. Recently, direct effects of GDF15 on the liver were reported, and in this study, induction of FGF21 expression in the liver was demonstrated under GDF15 overexpression.

Here, we review the background of RET as a potential therapeutic target in neuroblastoma tumors and the results of recent preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of RET inhibition in adults and children. We also present a novel approach to drug discovery leveraging the chemical phenomenon of atropisomerism to develop specific RET inhibitors and present preliminary data demonstrating the efficacy of a novel RET inhibitor against neuroblastoma tumor cells.

NGS revealed potentially actionable targets in half of sarcoma patients based on ESCAT criteria. With ongoing accrual and sequencing of additional tumor specimens future analysis of the CAUSAL cohort will focus on assessing the correlation between targetable mutations and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions Molecular screening in non-BRAF PTC patients is useful to identify patients harboring RET fusions who may benefit from targeted therapies. As other potentially actionable gene fusions are also found in these patients, routine implementation of NGS analysis warrants a comprehensive biomarker study.

RET-rearranged tumors obtained from females, but not males, had a decreased level of expression of thymidylate synthase (p < 0.00001), which is a known predictive marker of the efficacy of pemetrexed. The results of our study provide a viable alternative for RET testing in facilities that do not have access to NGS due to cost or technical limitations.

We also found a significant direct correlation between the AXL level and PD-L1 expression (p < 0.0001) and a significant inverse correlation between AXL and NIS expression and TILs (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.028, respectively). These data suggest that BRAF mutations and AXL expression are involved in LER among DTC patients and in the higher expression of PD-L1 and CD8, becoming new possible biomarkers to personalize RIT in the ATA intermediate-risk group, as well as the use of higher radioiodine activity or other possible therapies.

The latter can be explained by founder effect phenomena. The Mediterranean epidemiological data that are presented herein are very important for domestic patients, their family members' evaluation, and ultimately their treatment.

Expression and activation of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase may be driving poor outcomes in some patients with ER + breast cancer. ER + patients above the 75th percentile may benefit from clinical trials with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

This is the first case in the literature of metastatic TNBC with CCDC6-RET fusion treated with pralsetinib, an RET-specific antagonist. This case demonstrates the potential efficacy of pralsetinib in cases of TNBC with RET fusion mutations and suggests that NGS may reveal new opportunities and bring new therapeutic interventions to patients with refractory TNBC.

Additionally, it inhibited RET-dependent TT cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. These results demonstrate the potential of cell-based screening assays in identifying transcriptional inhibitors for other oncogenes.

Overexpression of RET is frequent in lung tumors with neuroendocrine features (LCNEC, SCLC). Selpercatinib and Pralsetinib show antitumor activity in lung NETs cells expressing high levels of wt-RET.

Background: Vepafestinib (TAS0953/HM06, Vepa) is a 2nd generation RET-selective inhibitor that effectively penetrates the brain, and inhibits the wildtype RET kinase domain (KD) and RET KD mutants (G810, V804, Y806, L730) (presented at AACR-NCI-EROTC 2021 meeting)...Vepa was more effective than vandetanib and similar to the FDA-approved RET inhibitors, selpercatinib (Selp) and pralsetinib (Pral), in all in vitro assays... Our preclinical results suggest that vepafestinib has the potential to more effectively manage CNS metastasis compared to selpercatinib, representing a promising new therapeutic option for patients with RET-driven sarcomas. Vepafestinib is currently in a phase 1/2 trial for adult patients with advanced solid tumors harboring RET alterations (margaRET, NCT04683250).

PD-L1 expression did not show significant difference between pts with positive vs negative EGFR or HER3 staining (p=1).Conclusions EGFR and HER3 had variable expression in RET+ NSCLC, deserving further exploration for novel treatment strategies. HER2 expression was not found in our RET cohort.

Our data suggest that cell proliferation and invasiveness in KIF5B-RET fusion cells are regulated by the upregulation of STAT5A and FOXA2 through the continuous activation of multiple RET downstream signal cascades, including the ERK and AKT signaling pathways. We found that TGF-β1 mRNA, where significant increments were observed in KIF5B-RET fusion cells, is regulated at the transcriptional level by FOXA2.

LANED might be associated with a high proportion of RET expression, whereas EGFR mutation, ALK alteration, and PD-L1 expression were uncommon. Further large-scale prospective studies on molecular testing profile and clinical significance of LANED are warranted.

The RET proto-oncogene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 with a length of 60,000 bp, and the expression of RET gene affects cell survival, proliferation, growth and differentiation. This review will describe the basic characteristics and common fusion methods of RET genes; analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different RET fusion detection methods; summarize and discuss the recent application of non-selective and selective RET fusion-positive inhibitors, such as Vandetanib, Selpercatinib, Pralsetinib and Alectinib; discuss the mechanism and coping strategies of resistance to RET fusion-positive inhibitors.

In the end, the half-minimal inhibitory activity of montelukast was also predicted against RET protein expressing LC-2/ad cell lines demonstrated significant anticancer activity. Collective analysis from our study highlights that montelukast could be a promising candidate for the management of RET specific NSCLC.

Conclusions with longer follow -up and a larger number of patients, Selpercatinib has demonstrated lasting efficiency and intracranial activity, regardless of the treatment line. The tolerance profile of the Selpercatinib remains consistent with that of previous analyzes.

Building on recent, promising outcomes in a clinical study of metastatic PPGL using pembrolizumab, a humanized IgG4κ monoclonal antibody targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, we examined PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in relation to oncogenic drivers in our PPGL patient cohort to explore whether expression can predict metastatic potential and/or be considered a predictive marker for targeted therapy...PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression was not affected by the metastatic status. We conclude that PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in our cohort of PPGL tumors was not linked to metastatic behavior, however, the presence of PPGL driver mutation could be a predictive marker for PD-L1-targeted therapy and an important feature for further clinical studies in patients with PPGL.

Accordingly, JOE cells displayed lower sensitivity and survived better at higher doses of 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (Tam) as compared to parental MCF-7 cells...We propose that immunostaining for JMJD6 could be developed as a potential marker for predicting endocrine therapy resistance. Further, antagonizing JMJD6 action in women expressing higher amounts of this protein, may offer a greater clinical benefit than endocrine therapy.

Inhibition of this gene leads to inhibition of the tyrosine kinase RET signal transduction pathway. Therefore, it can be one of the most effective and specific therapeutic goals in the field of Personalized Medicine in the treatment of diseases caused by over activity of RET molecular pathway.

With lipopolysaccharide to stimulate cultured cells in vitro after dexamethasone rhythm synchronization, the expressions of CLOCK and BMAL1 in MEN2 MTC cells (0.47±0.22 and 2.60±1.48) at 12 hours of synchronization were significantly lower than those in para-cancerous tissues (1.70±1.62 and 8.23±2.52), the difference was statistically significant(t=5.04, P=0.007; t=3.34, P=0.029). CLOCK and BMAL1 are correlated with the occurrence and development of MEN2 MTC, and may be potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies for MEN2 MTC.

P2, N=80, Recruiting, Genentech, Inc. | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2023 --> Mar 2024

We also identified the RET kinase pathway, targeted by AST-487, as a novel regulator of mutant hTERT promoter-driven transcription in bladder cancer cells. Collectively, our work provides new potential precision medicine approaches for cancer patients with upregulated hTERT expression, perhaps, especially those harboring mutations in both the RET gene and the hTERT promoter, such as in thyroid cancer.

In SCC organoids and in vivo tumor models, genetic disruption of RET or selective inhibition of RET with BLU-667 (pralsetinib) suppressed SCC growth while inducing concomitant differentiation...These results suggest that targeting RET activation is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating SCC. Downregulation of RET mediated by MAB21L4-CacyBP interaction is required to induce epidermal differentiation and suppress carcinogenesis, suggesting RET inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in squamous cell carcinoma.

The finding in our patient with MTC was a 3-base-pair deletion in exon 11 of RET, a p.C630 deletion not previously reported. The p.C630del RET stimulates cell proliferation by increasing ligand-independent phosphorylation and activation of MAPK/ERK pathway, demonstrating the pathogenic nature of the mutation. We therefore recommend screening panel sequence of RET in MTC patients with indications of a genetic cause.

Two FDA-approved RET inhibitors-pralsetinib and selpercatinib have been implied for the treatment of patients with RET S891L mutant UCEC and the treatment of patients with metastatic RET-fusion positive THCA and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at therapeutic level 1. At last, patients with higher expression and sequence variant frequency have a worse prognosis, such as sarcoma patients. This work provided a profound and comprehensive analysis of RET and co-occurred alterations, RET mRNA expression and the clinical significance in pan cancer, offering new insights into targeted therapy for patients with RET anomalies.

This data suggests that BRAF mutation and AXL (hyper)expression are correlated with increased expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in PTC patients with persistent disease with respect to those without persistent/recurrent disease after initial treatments. Accordingly, they should be considered as potential biomarkers of aggressive behaviour of PTC also suggesting other possible therapeutical targets.

In contrast, the majority of patients with very high ROS1 or RET mRNA levels are fusion negative. Preclinical research is being conducted to determine the clinical relevance of this finding.