Qapzola (apaziquone)

Apart HIF itself, other potential molecular targets such as prolyl-hydroxylases (PHD), von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHEs), vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPase), anion exchangers (AEs), Na+ /HCO₃- co-transporters (NBCs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrases were identified as being involved in tumorigenesis. HIF-1α inhibitors (topotecan, digoxin, PX-478), hypoxia-activated prodrugs (evofosfamide, apaziquone, porfiromycin, tirapazamine, banoxantrone) and carbonic anhydrase IX/XII inhibitors (SLC-0111) are either used clinically or in clinical development for the management of hypoxic breast cancers.

Potential models were used for interaction studies with hypoxia-specific molecules (tirapazamine, apaziquone, and ENMD) using docking analysis. It also elucidates that the therapeutic effect is altered concerning population-dependent genetic changes in the individual. The study, therefore, asserts the need to set up a personalized drug design approach to enhance tumor hypoxia treatment efficacy.