Furthermore, therapeutic delivery of Galunisertib using choline-modified lipid nanoparticles synergizes with αPD-1, fostering the conversion of exhausted CD8⁺ T cells into responsive Ly108⁺CX3CR1⁺ subsets and suppressing liver metastases. Collectively, our results identify hepatocyte TGFβ signaling as a targetable checkpoint against liver metastases.

P3, N=58, Active, not recruiting, Organon and Co | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=100 --> 58

Although these targeted therapies show potential to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes, challenges remain due to the complex regulation of EMP. Future directions focus on refining combination strategies and advancing personalized approaches to enhance efficacy across multiple cancer types.

The formulation co-delivered NMS-873 (NM), a VCP/p97 inhibitor, to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and proteostasis collapse, together with bispecific PD-L1/CTLA-4 aptamers (P1C4) for dual checkpoint blockade. A complementary SLN formulation encapsulating galunisertib (G) and DNase (DN) degraded neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and suppressed tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), thereby reshaping the immunosuppressive TME...In vivo PET/MRI imaging and immunohistopathological analyses confirmed selective tumor accumulation and effective tumor regression. This peptide-guided, TME-tailored SLN strategy achieves coordinated immune reprogramming, ERS induction, EMT/CSC reversal, NET disruption, and dual checkpoint blockade, offering a clinically translatable platform to overcome chemoimmunotherapy resistance in EGFR/PD-L1/CTLA-4-driven CRC.

TGF-β receptor I kinase plays a significant role in cancer biology and is a well-established target for cancer drug development, as evidenced by active molecules like Galunisertib (LY2157229)...Molecular Dynamics simulation study indicated that specific aminoacid residue interaction with TGF-β receptor I kinase. Additionally, DFT calculations were conducted on the active molecules to gain deeper insights into their electronic properties, supporting their potential as effective anticancer agents.

P3, N=560, Active, not recruiting, Teva Pharmaceuticals USA | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

These hits exhibited lower free energies (ΔG) as compared to the benchmark inhibitors, Galunisertib and Vactosertib. The results offer valuable insights into the binding mechanism of protein TGFßR1 and its role in the disease, suggesting that targeting the TGF-ß signaling pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.

EGFR-directed cellular therapies, particularly EGFR CAR-NK cells, demonstrate activity against EGFR-mutant DTPCs and DRCs in vitro and in vivo, with enhanced activity observed when combined with EGFR TKIs or TGF-β pathway blockade.

P2/3, N=40, Enrolling by invitation, Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2025 --> Dec 2025

Temozolomide combined with radiotherapy has been widely recognized as the first-line treatment for glioblastoma...Except for autologous lymphoid effector cells specific against tumor, galunisertib, and interferon-β, other anti-cancer treatments used in combination with standard treatment resulted in a survival advantage over standard treatment alone...After a comprehensive safety analysis, nimustine and lomustine were identified as effective drugs that could be combined with standard treatment. www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero identifier is CRD420251004329.

Finally, HuCCT1/CD90+ cells are resistant to Gemcitabine, while the combination of Gemcitabine and Galunisertib displays a synergistic effect on HuCCT1/CD90+ cell proliferation. These results underline that CD90-induced Gemcitabine resistance can be overcome by adding a TGFβ1 inhibitor such as Galunisertib, thereby moving further toward a precision medicine approach in patients with iCCA.

P2, N=60, Active, not recruiting, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins | Trial primary completion date: May 2025 --> Dec 2025