Furthermore, inhibiting the late stage of autophagy with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) decreased cell viability, while early-stage autophagy inhibition using 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) had no significant effect. These results highlight the critical role of Nrf2 in controlling foam cell development, senescence, and autophagic processes, giving valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown potential owing to their roles in autophagy modulation and immune regulation. Gene expression profiling and flow-cytometry analyses revealed cell-type-specific differences in apoptosis, mitochondrial potential, and DNA damage, suggesting HCQ's selective anti-tumor potential in gingival carcinoma. These findings highlight HCQ as a repurposed adjuvant therapy that modulates autophagy and apoptosis to enhance chemosensitivity in oral cancer.

P4, N=50, Not yet recruiting, Radboud University Medical Center

P3, N=132, Terminated, Mannkind Corporation | N=234 --> 132 | Trial completion date: Dec 2028 --> Nov 2025 | Recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2026 --> Nov 2025; Futility

These data support a significant role for a type II IFN-associated immune response in SjD pathogenesis, which is targeted by LEF/HCQ. Proteins associated with type II IFN-driven immune responses hold potential to monitor disease activity and predict treatment response.

TRE, either alone or combined with siRNA, showed limited efficacy and may counteract the apoptotic benefits of HCQ. Conversely, HCQ, whether used alone or in combination with siRNA, enhanced apoptosis, suggesting promise as a potential treatment for melanoma.

P4, N=146, Not yet recruiting, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital， Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital， Shanghai JiaoTong University

To substantiate the preclinical findings, the utility of MEKi in combination with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine was analyzed in patients with KRASG12R mutated metastatic PDAC...Three patients had impressive disease control: two had stable disease of 11 and 22.7 months, and one achieved a partial response with an 83% decrease in tumor size that lasted for 8.9 months. Overall, this work highlights how systems-based approaches in precision medicine can uncover mechanistic insights to guide the identification of PDAC patients most likely to benefit from tailored therapeutic strategies.

Systemic corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine were initiated, followed by mycophenolate mofetil, with limited response. This case illustrates the atypical presentation of ADM and the challenges in establishing an early diagnosis when muscle involvement is absent. It highlights IVIG as an effective option for treatment-resistant disease and underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion, pursuing thorough diagnostic evaluation, and ensuring long-term monitoring for interstitial lung disease and malignancy, even in patients who present with isolated cutaneous findings.

P2, N=76, Active, not recruiting, Massachusetts General Hospital | Unknown status --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Jun 2021 --> Dec 2027

P2, N=110, Active, not recruiting, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA) | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with platinum-based chemotherapy serving as the standard first-line treatment. These findings were further supported by validation experiments using hydroxychloroquine(CQ) and 4µ8C, as well as in vivo animal studies. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DNAJC5 overexpression promotes DDP resistance in EOC by modulating autophagy through the BiP-IRE1α-XBP1 signaling pathway.