Importantly, treatment with the inhibitor did not affect substantially normal HPF cells at any used concentration. The results indicate that PERK inhibitors could potentially be applied as a targeted therapy for NSCLC.

P1, N=23, Completed, HiberCell, Inc. | Recruiting --> Completed | Phase classification: P1a --> P1 | N=36 --> 23

P1, N=65, Recruiting, Nerviano Medical Sciences | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2023 --> Jun 2024

By disrupting an adaptive stress response evoked by VEGFR-TKIs, HC-5404 presents a clinical opportunity to improve the antitumor effects of well-established standard of care therapies in RCC.

We found that the compound GSK2606414 enhanced the sensitivity of the ABCG2 substrate to the chemotherapeutic drugs mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in ABCG2-overexpressing multidrug-resistant colorectal cancer cells by increasing their intracellular accumulation without affecting the protein expression of ABCG2. Molecular docking experiments predicted that GSK2606414 could stably bind in the drug-binding pocket of ABCG2. In conclusion, GSK2606414 can sensitize ABCG2-overexpressed multidrug-resistant colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs and can be used as a potential inhibitor of ABCG2.

In addition, scavenging ROS with N-acetylcysteine or inhibiting the expression of PERK by using GSK2606414, rescued the SH-SY5Y cells from cadmium-induced pyroptosis. In conclusion, the results suggest that Cd induces pyroptotic death of SH-SY5Y cells through ER stress, and this may be the potential mechanism of Cd incurring neurological diseases.

Blocking PERK by GSK2606414 (PERKi) or shRNA rescued the loss of function of DNAJC10 both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, deficiency of DNAJC10 increased sensitivity of AML cells to daunorubicin (DNR) and cytarabine (Ara-C). These data revealed that DNAJC10 functions as an oncogene in MLL-AF9-induced AML via regulating PERK branch of the UPR. DNAJC10 may be an ideal therapeutic target for eliminating LSCs and improving the effectiveness of DNR and Ara-C.

Western blotting results demonstrated that NFZ significantly increased the expression levels of P-PERK, ATF4 and CHOP, whereas GSK2606414 significantly reduced the NFZ-induced increase in these protein expression levels. In conclusion, NFZ may induce the apoptosis of H1299 NSCLC cells through the ROS/Ca/PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway.

The ER stress inhibitors, such as salubrinal and GSK2606414, significantly suppressed HUVEC proliferation, indicating that ER stress promotes glioblastoma vascularization. Mito-TEMPO and MCC950 increased caspase-1p20 and IL-1β expression in THP-1 macrophages, indicating that mitochondrial ROS and autophagy could also interrupt THP-1-M1 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, mitochondrial ROS, ER stress, and the TAMs resulting from OE-KDELC2 glioblastoma cells play important roles in upregulating glioblastoma angiogenesis.

Our studies reveal strong synergy between MRTX1133 & 5-FU in human pancreatic & colon cancer models at much lower than IC50 dosage which is important for avoiding side effects. This is the first description that effect of KRAS G12D inhibitor MRTX1133 is active on KRAS G12V. The surprising synergy in KRAS G12V samples with combination therapy and the important synergistic change in cytokine patterns suggests potential strong immune stimulatory anti-cancer effects of MRTX1133 & 5FU against mCRC and pancreatic cancer cells regardless of KRAS G12D mutation which should be considered when including patients with respective mutations in clinical trials.

We hypothesized that inhibition of PERK would improve responses to ICI therapy by reprogramming TAM from immunosuppressive to immunoactivating cells. To investigate if ER-stress underlies resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 targeted therapies, we utilized ex vivo assays to investigate ER-stress regulation of macrophage phenotype, and in vivo syngeneic murine models of melanoma growth, with HC-5404 (PERKi), a selective and potent first-in-human small molecule PERK inhibitor currently in a phase 1 clinical trial for solid tumors (NCT04834778). Treatment with PERKi sensitized αPD-1/PD-L1 mAb-resistant melanoma tumors (Y1.7/YR1.7) to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with concomitant increase in tumor infiltrating leukocytes, TH1- reprogrammed TAM, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells... The combination therapy targeting PERK and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling increased adaptive immune responses, reprogramed TAMs and reduced tumor growth kinetics. Results from these studies highlight a role for ER-stress signaling in TAMs to maintain an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and demonstrate the potential therapeutic strategy of PERK inhibition in αPD-1/PD-L1 resistant tumors.

P1a, N=36, Recruiting, HiberCell, Inc. | Trial completion date: Jul 2023 --> Mar 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2023 --> Oct 2023

RD is a pro-hapten sensitizer dependent on tyrosinase that induces ROS generation and ATP release from melanocytes for CD86 and IL-12 upregulation in DCs, possibly leading to the generation of tyrosinase-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The coculture system h-CLATw/M may be useful for predicting the sensitizing potential to induce leukoderma.

Also, GSK2606414 was found to increase apoptotic cell death and to further reduce the cancer hallmarks selectively in FD cells but not in FN cells. Altogether, our data suggest that targeting the ER stress pathway along with folate deficiency may provide a more promising elimination of the metastatic potential of HCC cells contributing to more effective therapeutic agents.

GSK2656157-treated mice showed increased numbers of oligodendrocytes at the injury epicenter. Moreover, GSK2656157 protected cultured primary mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells from ER stress-induced cytotoxicity.

Moreover, GSK2606414, the ER-inhibitor (ER-i), decreased the apoptosis phenomenon and XBP1 and CHOP modulation in miR-27b cells treated with milk (p < 0.01 vs. miR-27b+Milk), suggesting the ER stress as a cell-death-aggravating mechanism. These results support the in vitro anticancer activity of 3kDa milk extract and unveil the contribution of miR-27b in the promising beneficial effect of buffalo milk in CRC prevention.

Moreover, NCI 12487 compound markedly decreased HT-29 cells viability, increased caspase-3 activity and percentage of cells in sub-G0/G1, thus promoted apoptosis of cancer HT-29 cells with induced ER stress conditions. </br></br> <b></b> Thus, based on the results obtained in this study it may be concluded that small-molecule modulators of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling pathway may constitute an innovative, targeted treatment strategy against CRC.

After sh-CHOP or GSK2656157 (PERK inhibitor) stimulation, the activation of the PERK-CHOP pathway was detected in CTLL-2 cells...After adding TP, the function of CTLs increased markedly. Hepatoma cells induced the depletion of CTLs through the ER stress PERK-CHOP pathway, and TP reversed this depletion by downregulating ER stress.

In conclusion, MTHFD2 could be a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma. Besides its canonical role, MTHFD2 may contribute to glioblastoma pathogenesis via UPR, highlighting a newly identified functional link between one-carbon metabolism and cell stress response.

ICD induction in PERK-ablated tumors stimulates type I interferon production in dendritic cells (DCs), which primes CCR2-dependent tumor trafficking of common-monocytic precursors and their intra-tumor commitment into monocytic-lineage inflammatory Ly6CCD103 DCs. These findings identify how tumor cell-derived PERK promotes immune evasion and highlight the potential of PERK-targeting therapies in cancer immunotherapy.

This study unraveled a broad anti-cancer function of Vinigrol and its underlying targets and regulatory mechanisms. It paved the way for further inspection on the structure-efficacy relationship of the whole compound family, making them a novel cluster of PERK-specific stress activators for experimental and clinical uses.

Additional stability and permeability optimization resulted in the identification of peptide 7 that inhibited pERK activity in a pancreatic cancer cell line. More broadly, this methodology offers an efficient alternative to accelerate the fastidious hit-to-lead optimization of PPI peptide inhibitors.

P2, N=36, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=60 --> 36

Further detection of PERK, GRP78 and CHOP revealed that PERK signaling was upregulated by treatment with U50488h, while treatment with the PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 partially reversed the promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation by U50488h, indicating that endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with its suppressing effect on HCC malignant phenotypes. Taken together, our results revealed that activation of KOR by U50488h inhibited malignant phenotypes of HCC both in vitro and in vivo, while activation of MOR by morphine did not have such effect. Because of their dual roles in the relief of pain and in the suppression of malignant phenotypes, opioids such as U50488h that act on KOR should be considered as the first choice for HCC management.

Corroborating animal model studies, activation of PERK-ATF4-JAG1 is prominent in human T-ALL bone marrow and T-ALL xenografts. our studies thus revealed for the first time that the leukemia-initiated PERK-ATF4-JAG1 axis plays a critical role in the remodeling of the bone marrow vascular niche and that targeting vascular niche UPR is a potential therapeutic opportunity in T-ALL.

These results suggest that melatonin induces AGS cell apoptosis by up-regulating PERK/eIF2α and downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway.

Inhibition of PERK suppressed macrophage immunosuppressive activity and could enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 inhibition in melanoma. Our findings delineate a previously undescribed connection between PERK signaling and PSAT1-mediated serine metabolism critical for promoting immunosuppressive function in M2 macrophages.

Moreover, curcumin pretreatment inhibited PERK-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation, further suppressed GSK-3β and ATF4 function, and abolished abnormal tau phosphorylation, P-CREB reduction, and CHOP-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. These results provided empirical evidence between curcumin and PERK-eIF2α signaling in ACR-induced neurotoxicity.

Therefore, I-125 induces ER stress, thereby activating protective autophagy in CCA cells through the PERK signaling pathway. Combined inhibition of ER stress and autophagy signaling may increase the killing effect of I-125 on cancer cells and serve as a new auxiliary method in I-125 radiotherapy.

However, morphological apoptotic changes and caspase activation were observed in these two cell lines. Inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway is expected to be a promising new target for OS.

Additionally, ER stress induced neuronal apoptosis was attenuated by GSK2606414 treatment via inhibiting the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis that not only curtailed the levels of apoptotic proteins like Bax and caspase 3 but also elevated the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Collectively, our findings revealed the neuroprotective potential of GSK2606414 against high glucose induced neurotoxicity in N2A cells.

This study indicated that POU4F3 may work as a tumor suppressor in LUAD via regulating the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway. We made it possible to develop POU4F3 as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic target of LUAD.

BZW1 is a key molecule in the IRES-dependent translation of HIF1α/c-Myc and plays crucial roles in glycolysis of PDAC. BZW1 might serve as a therapeutic target for patients with pancreatic cancer.

The PERK inhibitor, GSK2606414, partially restored global protein synthesis and LAMP expression in cells treated with IFN-γ...Thus, ER stress and the UPR caused by IFN-γ represent novel mechanisms underlying IFN-γ-mediated anticancer effects. This study expands our understanding of IFN-γ-mediated signaling and its cellular actions in tumor cells.

In this study, we have found 12 kinase inhibitors with high binding energies namely Baricitinib, Brepocitinib, Decernotinib, Fasudil, Filgotinib, GSK2606414, Peficitinib, Ruxolitinib, Tofacitinib, Upadacitinib, Pamapimod and Ibrutinib. Taken altogether, we have proposed the SARS-CoV-2-RdRp as a potential therapeutic target through in-silico studies. However, further in-vitro and in-vivo studies are required for the validation of the proposed targets and drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients already suffering from GC.