Panzem (2-methoxyestradiol)

In the in vivo mouse model, the application of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol demonstrates a promising efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and osteoclast differentiation in the bone lesions established by bone-tropic subpopulation of ER- MDA-MB-231 cell. Overall, our findings explore the complexity of phenotype and morphology in bone metastatic lesions of ER+ and ER- breast cancer, which offers a compelling rationale for leveraging HIF inhibitors to the treatment targeting skeletal complications of breast cancer bone metastases, especially for ER- tumors.

2ME2 inhibits triple negative breast cancer by impacting major cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, etc. It further modifies gene expression by altering the miRNome of triple negative breast cancer cells. Overall, our findings suggest 2ME2 as a potent anti-cancer drug for the treatment of TNBC.

While the findings highlight a promising therapeutic approach, the lack of in vivo or clinical data limits direct clinical application. Future research should focus on validating these results in animal models and exploring long-term efficacy and molecular mechanisms.

While the findings highlight a promising therapeutic approach, the lack of in vivo or clinical data limits direct clinical application. Future research should focus on validating these results in animal models and exploring long-term efficacy and molecular mechanisms.

The microtubule-disrupting agent 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) displays anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic properties, but its clinical development is halted due to poor pharmacokinetics...In conclusion, the sulfamoylated 2-ME analogs displayed promising anti-tumor, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic properties. Future studies will assess the compounds for myeloproliferative effects, as seen in clinical applications of other drugs in this class.

Our study presents novel findings on mechanism of 2ME2 from the perspective of its effects on the polarization of the TAMs via the STAT3 signaling in breast cancer. Altogether, the data supports further clinical investigation of 2ME2 and its derivatives as therapeutic agents to modulate the tumor microenvironment and immune response in breast carcinoma.

Our findings show that HIF-1α plays an important role in TAM resistance and that suppression of HIF-1α by 2-ME-mediated sensitization of BC-resistant cells to TAM. Therefore, the concurrent administration of TAM/2-ME might potentially serve as a viable therapeutic approach to address TAM resistance and enhance the overall therapy efficacy for patients with BC.

Importantly, the fate of OPCs after 2ME treatment may depend on the cell-cycle status of individual cells. Combining tubulin-interfering molecules with drugs such as pifithrin-α that inhibit endoreduplication may help inhibit OPC/glioma growth and limit drug resistance.

HRN can increase the pain threshold, reduce the knee circumference and inhibit the inflammatory response in rabbits with cold syndrome of RA. The possible mechanism is related to the down-regulation of HIF-1α and glycolysis activity.

Taken together, these findings suggest that 2-ME promotes early-stage BC development.

The result found that 2ME can ameliorated PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis and inhibit the activation of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that 2ME may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Importantly, we identify 2-methoxyestradiol as an effective inhibitor for USP13 from a natural compound library, and it could potently suppress the metastasis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify USP13 as a therapeutic target for metastatic NSCLC with KRAS mutations.

Compounds 4b-4f show higher inhibitory activity than the positive control abiraterone and 2-methoxyestradiol, with IC values lower than 10 μmol/L against breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cell lines that closely related to human hormone expression levels. Moreover, the antibacterial test indicated that compounds 4a and 4d-4e had better inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) than the positive controls vancomycin and ampicillin. These results suggest that these compounds may hold promise as novel antitumor agents or antimicrobial agents for further study.

Besides late-stage tumour necrosis, none of the other results were statistically significant. This study demonstrates that 2-ME treatment has an antitumour effect on late-stage BC, however, with no increase in survival rate, whereas the treatment failed to demonstrate any benefit in early-stage BC.

To identify effective treatment modalities for breast cancer with acquired resistance, we first compared the responsiveness of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cells and long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) cells (a cell model of endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer) derived from MCF-7 cells to G-1 and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeO-E2), which are microtubule-destabilizing agents and agonists of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). Other microtubule-targeting agents, i.e., paclitaxel, nocodazole, and colchicine, were not selective for LTED cells. Therefore, 2-MeO-E2 can be an antiproliferative agent to suppress LTED cell proliferation.

In vivo administration of the 2-ME-loaded nanoparticles led to 51% growth inhibition of xenografted tumors compared to controls (P < 0.01). Thus, 2-ME-loaded nanoparticles may represent a novel approach for the treatment of uterine fibroids.

The presented research is the subject of the pending patent application "The use of hydrogen peroxide and 17β-estradiol and its metabolites as biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases," no. P.441360.

These findings demonstrated that 2-MeOE2 retarded NSCLC progression by modulating the circ_0010235/miR-34a-5p/NFAT5 axis, thus providing a new perspective for 2-MeOE2 treatment in NSCLC.

Furthermore, STX140 induced senescence features in melanoma and activated the senescence machinery by upregulating the expression of senescence genes and proteins related to senescence signaling. These findings suggest that STX140 may hold potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment.

The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a promissory anticancer drug mainly because of its pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells...Finally, the 2ME-loaded nanoparticles also decreased the viability of primary cultures from mouse prostate cancer. These results show the development of 2ME-loaded zeolite nanoparticles with physicochemical and biological properties compatible with anticancer activity on the human prostate and highlight that zeolite nanoparticles can be a good carrier system for 2ME.

While cisplatin is a key drug that efficiently reduces TGCT growth, the acquisition of drug resistance is often life-threatening...Transcriptomic analysis revealed that hypoxia-related genes were upregulated in TGCT spheroid cultures, and HIF1a inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol could substantially repress the in vivo tumor formation...Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for histone H3K27 acetylation status in the TGCT spheroid cultures revealed that the enrichment of "super-enhancers", identified by the Rank Ordering of Super-enhancers algorithm &lsqb;http://younglab.wi.mit.edu/super_enhancer_code.html], was well observed at chromosome 12p, where copy number gains are often observed in the tumors, and genes in the vicinity of super-enhancers identified in patient-derived TGCT models can be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the advanced disease. Overall, the present study provides useful insights into the biology and chemoresistance of TGCT.

Our results indicated that OCT was capable and reliable to monitor the therapeutic effect of inhibitors to ovarian MCTs and it can be used for the rapid characterization of novel therapeutics for ovarian cancers in the future.

Among them, compounds 9b-c, 9f and 12 showed similar inhibitory activity against tested tumor cells as positive control 2-methoxyestradiol, and better than Abiraterone. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor experiments of compound 9f against zebrafish xenograft tumor showed that 9f displayed obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of human cervical cancer (HeLa) xenograft tumor in zebrafish. Our results provide new thinking for the study of such compounds as new antitumor drugs.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 17β-estradiol and its metabolites: 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) in exposure to Cr(VI) on cell viability and DNA cell damage...Moreover, high apoptosis was caused by both Cr(VI) itself and its interaction with 4-OHE2 and 2-MeOE2. The direction and dynamics of changes in viability are consistent for both lines.

Radiation-induced bystander effects induced similar pathways and were initiated via intercellular signaling. These results justify further investigation of ESE-16 as a radiation-sensitizing agent since pre-exposure appears to augment the response of tumor cells to radiation.

Anticancer activities of thiostrepton, dexamethasone, 2-methoxyestradiol, δ-tocotrienol, quercetin, amiloride, quinine sulfate showed significant anti-proliferative properties in Hela cells, pancreatic, prostate, breast, lungs, melanoma, B-lymphocytes, T-cells (40% to 95%). Pure plasma mRNAs and miRNAs of pre-dose vs. post-dose of NS-3 treated samples were analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Venn diagrams have established genetic regulatory network images and canonical signaling pathways for mRNA, miRNA, and paired mRNA-miRNA.

(4) The 2ME-SNEDDS exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activity in MCF-7 cells. This is mediated by, at least partially, ROS generation.

Therefore, highlighting the identification of possible hypoxia-targeting therapies for breast cancer patients can be beneficial by promoting more favourable treatment responses.

Herein, we present the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), the endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells...Moreover, computational analysis suggests that 2-ME as compared to other estrogen metabolism intermediates is relatively safe in terms of its possible non-receptor bioactivity within healthy human cells due to a very low electrophilic potential and hence no substantial risk of spontaneous covalent modification of biologically protective nucleophiles. We propose that 2-ME can be used as a selective tumor biomarker in the course of certain types of lung cancers and possibly as a therapeutic adjuvant or neoadjuvant.

Furthermore, it up-regulates caspase-9 and p53 and downregulates TNF-α and NF-κβ. Collectively, these findings showed that our optimized 2ME-INVA-APA could easily seep through the cell membrane and induce apoptosis in relatively low doses.

Inhibition of this gene could markedly increase cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, 2-ME2 could induce cell apoptosis by downregulating the C-myc gene and exert an apoptotic effect by downregulating Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 which act as antiapoptotic proteins.

Our results also showed that 2-ME had strong anti-tumor effects against melanoma in vivo and increased the infiltration of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Besides, PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was significantly higher in the 2-ME-treated group than in the control group, indicating that 2-ME could exhibit stronger anti-tumor effects against melanoma if combined with PD-1 blockade therapy. 2-ME suppresses melanoma in vivo and in vitro and is a promising synergistic enhancer of PD-1 blockade immunotherapy.

HN1 is an anti-apoptotic molecule and inhibits Docetaxel and 2-Methoxyestradiol induced apoptosis by targeting Cyclin B1.

Furthermore, 2-ME + AA suppressed CML xenograft growth in mice. Collectively, 2-ME + AA promoted miR-223 expression and suppressed FLT3 and the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby facilitating the apoptosis of CML cells and inhibiting CML xenograft growth in mice.

It was observed that PDR enhanced by 2-Me is effective against two common but different types of cancer. The treatment decreased cells' viability by around 70%. Immunocytochemical staining of SOD2 and caspase-12 indicated apoptosis and oxidative stress induction in tested cell lines. The results suggest that the therapy could be involved in further in vivo and clinical applications.

This study shows that 2-ME decreases DNMT1-mediated paclitaxel resistance by simultaneously reducing the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including phosphoglycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), in EC109/Taxol cells. In this study, the co-treatment of Taxol and 2-ME to EC109 could significantly induce cytotoxic effects, whose mechanism might be associated with DNMT1 and multidrug resistance-associated proteins.

In the end, the differential upregulation of caspase-3, p53, and ROS in MCF-7 cells established the superiority of the 2ME-ALA-Ms approach in targeting breast cancer. In summary, these results demonstrate that 2ME-ALA NPs are an efficient delivery tool for controlling the growth of breast cancer cells.

Wnt signaling proteins expression was also downregulated by Qu and 2-ME in TGF-β-induced EMT in PC-3 cells. Thus, combination therapy of Qu and 2-ME could be a new promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Finally, upregulation of caspase-9, p53, and NO, with downregulation of TNF-α, NF-κβ, and inflammatory mediators of the PC-3 cells established the superiority of the micellar approach against prostate cancer. In summary, the acquired results highlighted the potentiality of the 2 ME-micellar delivery tool for controlling the growth of prostate cancer cells for improved efficacy.

Importantly, we identified a mechanism of 2-Methoxyestradiol, a microtubule inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trials for glioblastoma. 2-Methoxyestradiol suppresses MDSC activation by inhibiting hypoxia-driven exosomal miR-1246 expression in glioma cells and PD-L1 expression in MDSCs.

Inhibition of collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) by 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) contributed to induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, as detected by increase in the expression of active caspase-3, -9 and p53...The mechanism for down-regulation of p53 expression in MCF-7 cells was found at the level of p53-PEPD complex formation that was counteracted by hydrogen peroxide treatment. In this study, we found that silencing POX modulate pro-survival phenotype of MCF-7 cells and suggest that the mechanism of this process undergoes through down-regulation of p53-dependent signaling.

Here, we report the structural optimization of a hit natural compound, 2-ME (2-methoxyestradiol), which exhibited inhibitory activity but low potency on tubulin polymerization, anti- angiogenesis, MCF-7 proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 9i could effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of MCF-7 cells in vitro and in zebrafish xenograft. The satisfactory physicochemical property and metabolic stability of 9i further indicated that it can act as a promising and potent anti-angiogenesis, inhibiting proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer agent via targeting tubulin colchicine binding site.