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DRUG CLASS:

p38 inhibitor

5d
Interleukin-22 promotes endometrial carcinoma cell proliferation and cycle progression via ERK1/2 and p38 activation. (PubMed, Mol Cell Biochem)
The IL-22-mediated changes in cell proliferation, cycle progression, and protein expression can be effectively inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and the p38 inhibitor SB202190...Our findings suggest that IL-22 promotes endometrial carcinoma cell proliferation and G1/S phase progression by activating ERK1/2 and p38 signaling. Therefore, IL-22 may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
Journal
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MYC (V-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) • CCND1 (Cyclin D1) • CCNE1 (Cyclin E1) • CDK4 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4) • CDK6 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 6) • IL22 (Interleukin 22)
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SB202190
21d
Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, and Changes in Biomarker and Clinical Outcome Assessments of Losmapimod for FSHD1 With Extension (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=14, Terminated, Fulcrum Therapeutics | Trial completion date: Jan 2026 --> Oct 2024 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2025 --> Oct 2024; Sponsor Decision
Trial completion date • Trial termination • Trial primary completion date
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DUX4 (Double Homeobox 4)
21d
Efficacy and Safety of Losmapimod in Treating Subjects With Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) With Open-Label Extension (OLE) (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=76, Terminated, Fulcrum Therapeutics | Trial completion date: Jan 2026 --> Nov 2024 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2025 --> Nov 2024; Sponsor Decision
Trial completion date • Trial termination • Trial primary completion date
21d
Efficacy and Safety of Losmapimod in Treating Participants With Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) (REACH) (clinicaltrials.gov)
P3, N=260, Terminated, Fulcrum Therapeutics | Trial completion date: Jan 2026 --> Nov 2024 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated; Sponsor Decision
Trial completion date • Trial termination
1m
Inhibition of p38-MK2 pathway enhances the efficacy of microtubule inhibitors in breast cancer cells. (PubMed, bioRxiv)
We further validate that a specific p38-MK2 inhibitor significantly potentiates the efficacy of sub-clinical concentrations of MTA. In summary, our findings suggest that the p38-MK2 pathway presents a promising therapeutic target in combination with MTAs in cancer treatment.
Journal
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SOX9 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9)
3ms
Regulation of voltage-gated sodium channels by TNF-α during herpes simplex virus latency establishment. (PubMed, J Neurovirol)
Latency establishment was mimicked by culturing HSV-1 infected ND7/23 cells in the presence of acyclovir (ACV) for 3 days...There were no changes in the pharmacological and biophysical properties of sodium currents promoted by TNF-α, including sensitivity to tetrodotoxin and the current-voltage relationship...Inhibition of p38 signaling with SB203580 or SB202190 eliminates the stimulatory effect of TNF-α on sodium currents. These results indicate that TNF-α signaling in sensory neurons during latency establishment upregulates the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels in order to maintain the transmission of pain information.
Journal
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha)
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SB202190
4ms
GLS-1027 for the Prevention of Severe Pneumonitis Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=132, Active, not recruiting, GeneOne Life Science, Inc. | Trial completion date: Dec 2023 --> Dec 2024
Trial completion date
4ms
A Study of GEn-1124 in Subjects With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=52, Recruiting, GEn1E Lifesciences | Trial completion date: Jul 2024 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: May 2024 --> Oct 2025
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • IL10 (Interleukin 10) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta)
4ms
Postoperative Intimal Hyperplasia: Review from My Research. (PubMed, Int J Angiol)
Focusing on postoperative intimal hyperplasia as an inflammatory disease, especially on tumor necrosis factor-α, FR-167653 (tumor necrosis factor-α suppressive agent, inhibitor of p 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan) is found to suppress postoperative intimal hyperplasia in a rat model by reducing serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels...Because endothelial injury is the first step of postoperative intimal hyperplasia, I investigated whether the free radical scavenger, edaravone (Radicut, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Japan), which alleviates the endothelial injury in vitro , can also suppress postoperative intimal hyperplasia...Hepatocyte growth factor is not only a hepatic growth factor but also a vascular endothelial growth factor. Recently, serum hepatocyte growth factor level was found to be a candidate biomarker for postoperative intimal hyperplasia in our rat model.
Review • Journal
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HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2)
7ms
RewinD-LB - Clinical Study of Neflamapimod in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=160, Active, not recruiting, EIP Pharma Inc | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting
Enrollment closed
8ms
Pharmacological p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 enhances AML stem cell line KG1a chemosensitivity to daunorubicin by promoting late apoptosis, cell growth arrest in S-phase, and miR-328-3p upregulation. (PubMed, Saudi Pharm J)
Remarkably, the enhanced KG1a cell sensitivity to DNR after SB203580 pretreatment was associated with an increased upregulation of miR-328-3p and slight downregulation of miR-26b-5p, compared to DNR effect. Altogether, these findings could contribute to the development of a new therapeutic strategy by targeting the p38 MAPK pathway to improve treatment outcomes in patients with refractory or relapsed AML.
Preclinical • Journal • IO biomarker
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TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) • CASP3 (Caspase 3) • CASP9 (Caspase 9) • CASP7 (Caspase 7) • MIR328 (MicroRNA 328) • CCNB1 (Cyclin B1)
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BCL2 expression • TP53 expression
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daunorubicin
8ms
Identification of Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes Based on MHC-II Gene Expression Profile and Immunological Analysis. (PubMed, Int Arch Allergy Immunol)
Overall, MHC-II is not only a potential biomarker for accurately distinguishing LUAD subtypes but also a predictive factor for their survival. Our study offers novel insights into understanding of impact of MHC-II in LUAD and offers a new perspective for improving the accurate classification of LUAD patients and enhancing drug treatment.
Journal • Gene Expression Profile • IO biomarker
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HLA-DRB1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR Beta 1)
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MHC-II expression
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lenalidomide
10ms
A growth factor-reduced culture system for colorectal cancer organoids. (PubMed, Cancer Lett)
We design a growth factor-reduced culture medium containing FGF10, A83-01 (TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor), SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), gastrin, and nicotinamide. Using this medium, we can maintain tumor features in long-term CRCO cultivation, as evidenced by histopathology, genetic stability, tumorigenicity, and response of clinical treatments. Our findings offer a reliable and economical strategy for CRCO culture, facilitating the utilization of organoids in colorectal cancer research and treatment.
Journal
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EGF (Epidermal growth factor) • TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) • FGF10 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 10) • GAST (Gastrin 2)
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SB202190
10ms
Inhibition of p38 MAPK/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway activity by rare ginsenosides ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure and KGN cell injury. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol)
HTS ameliorated CP-induced POF and human granulosa cell injury, possibly by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative damage mediated by the p38 MAPK/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.
Journal
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta)
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cyclophosphamide
11ms
Unexpected inhibition of the lipid kinase PIKfyve reveals an epistatic role for p38 MAPKs in endolysosomal fission and volume control. (PubMed, Cell Death Dis)
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate in autophagic signaling; and previous reports suggest that pyridinyl imidazole p38 MAPK inhibitors, including SB203580 and SB202190, induce cell death in some cancer cell-types through unrestrained autophagy. The rate of vacuole dissolution (i.e., LEL fission), following the removal of apilimod, was also significantly reduced in cells treated with BIRB-796, a structurally unrelated p38 MAPK inhibitor. Thus, our studies indicate that pyridinyl imidazole p38 MAPK inhibitors induce cytoplasmic vacuolation through the combined inhibition of both PIKfyve and p38 MAPKs, and more generally, that p38 MAPKs act epistatically to PIKfyve, most likely to promote LEL fission.
Journal
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PIK3C3 (Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Type 3)
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SB202190
11ms
Study of ARRY-614 Plus Either Nivolumab or Nivolumab+Ipilimumab (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=70, Active, not recruiting, Jason J. Luke, MD | N=144 --> 70 | Trial completion date: Jun 2027 --> Nov 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2026 --> Nov 2027 | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting
Enrollment closed • Enrollment change • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
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CD4 (CD4 Molecule)
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Opdivo (nivolumab) • Yervoy (ipilimumab) • pexmetinib (ARRY-614)
11ms
Role of TGF-β and p38 MAPK in TSG-6 Expression in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci)
These results suggest that TSG-6 expression in ASCs can be regulated by high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo, and that A83-01 and SB202190 can reduce the expression of immunomodulators in ASCs. Therefore, our data suggest that co-treatment of ASCs with TGF-β or p38 inhibitors is not adequate to modulate inflammation.
Preclinical • Journal • IO biomarker
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TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • PTGS2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2) • TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1)
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IDO1 expression
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SB202190
12ms
RewinD-LB - Clinical Study of Neflamapimod in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=160, Recruiting, EIP Pharma Inc | Phase classification: P2b --> P2
Phase classification
12ms
Bioinformatic approach for repurposing immunomodulatory drugs for lepromatous leprosy. (PubMed, Int J Mycobacteriol)
Consistently, glucosamine, binimetinib, talmapimod, dilmapimod, andrographolide, and VX-702 might have a possible beneficial effect coupled with LL treatment. Based on our drug repurposing analysis, immunomodulatory drugs might have a promising potential to be explored further as therapeutic options or to alleviate symptoms in LL patients.
Journal • Immunomodulating
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IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta)
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Mektovi (binimetinib)
12ms
Anti-inflammatory effects of Weiyan I decoction against gastric ulcers in a rat model via inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling. (PubMed, Pak J Pharm Sci)
SD rats were divided into control, model, lansoprazole (30mg/kg), SB203580 (2mg/kg), WYI (10.8g/kg, 5.4g/kg and 2.7g/kg) groups. GU was induced using ethanol or indomethacin post-WYI pre-administration...WYI had no significant impact on gastric acid and mucus secretion. WYI demonstrated gastroprotective effects in GU through anti-inflammatory actions and p38 MAPK pathway inhibition, providing insights for innovative GU therapies.
Preclinical • Journal
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta)
almost1year
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibition of Mesenchymal Transdifferentiated Tumor Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (PubMed, Biomedicines)
We investigated the growth inhibitory, cisplatin-sensitizing, and pro-apoptotic effects of p38 MAPK inhibition in cisplatin-resistant (SCC-25) and -sensitive (UPCI-SCC090) HNSCC cell lines, using two specific p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB202190 and ralimetinib. In accordance, p-p38 inhibition led to sensitization of pEMT cells to cisplatin-induced cell death; moreover, p-p38 inhibitor treatment cycles significantly decreased the viability of cisplatin-surviving cells. In conclusion, clinically relevant p38 inhibitors might be effective for RCT-resistant pEMT cells in HNSCC patients.
Journal • Tumor cell
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TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) • SNAI2 (Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 2)
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cisplatin • SB202190 • ralimetinib (LY 2228820)
1year
Screening of potent RIPK3 inhibitors to attenuate necroptosis and inflammation in mouse traumatic brain injury models. (PubMed, Exp Neurol)
We found four compounds:1D6-Foretinib GSK1363089; 15F6-Poziotinib (HM781-36B); 15F9-Dasatinib monohydrate; 15A10-Pexmetinib (ARRY-614); acts as potent inhibitors of necroptosis (Necroptosis Blocking Compounds, NBCs) by blocking the RIPK3 kinase activity. In our study, we explored the role of NBCs in neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury. It's effectiveness in traumatic brain injury animal models and favorable safety profiles make it a potential candidate for the advances of new therapies for necroptosis-associated neuroinflammatory disorders.
Preclinical • Journal • IO biomarker
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RIPK1 (Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase 1)
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dasatinib • Pozenveo (poziotinib) • foretinib (GSK1363089) • pexmetinib (ARRY-614)
1year
Uncoupling p38α nuclear and cytoplasmic functions and identification of two p38α phosphorylation sites on β-catenin: implications for the Wnt signaling pathway in CRC models. (PubMed, Cell Biosci)
p38α seems to play a dual role as a member of the β-catenin destruction complex and as a β-catenin chromatin-associated kinase in CRC. This finding may help elucidate mechanisms contributing to human colon tumor pathogenesis and devise new strategies for personalized CRC treatment.
Journal
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CTNNB1 (Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1) • WNT3 (Wnt Family Member 3)
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ralimetinib (LY 2228820)
1year
Polb 001, an Oral Broad-Spectrum Anti-Inflammatory with the Potential to Prevent Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (ASH 2023)
Current treatments are dominated by reactive administration of tocilizumab, steroids or anakinra. POLB 001 is undergoing preclinical evaluation in humanized mouse models (NSG-(KbDb)null (IA)null) of T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies, CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for hematological malignancies and for CD28 induced cytokine storm. A Phase 2 trial of POLB 001 in Multiple Myeloma patients receiving T-cell engaging antibodies is planned.
IO biomarker
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • CXCL8 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8) • IL10 (Interleukin 10) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta) • POLG2 (DNA Polymerase Gamma 2, Accessory Subunit) • CRP (C-reactive protein)
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Actemra IV (tocilizumab) • Kineret (anakinra)
1year
Migration-inducing gene-7 promotes glioma cell proliferation and invasiveness via activating the MAPK signaling pathway. (PubMed, Neoplasma)
MTT, Transwell, and three-dimensional cell culture assays were used to detect the survival, migration, invasion, and tube formation of U87MG cells that overexpressed Mig-7 were treated with the MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors (SP600125, SCH772984, and SB202190). These effects of Mig-7 overexpression were reversed by MAPK pathway inhibitors. Overall, these results suggest that Mig-7 may be a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for glioma, with the MAPK pathway playing a key role in the corresponding Mig-7 mechanism of action.
Journal
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MMP2 (Matrix metallopeptidase 2) • LAMC2 (Laminin subunit gamma 2) • MMP9 (Matrix metallopeptidase 9) • CDH5 (Cadherin 5)
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CDH1 expression
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SCH772984 • SB202190 • SP600125
1year
The KIN-FAST Trial (KIN001 For Accelerated Symptoms Termination) in Non Hospitalized Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 (clinicaltrials.gov)
P2, N=400, Suspended, Kinarus AG | Trial completion date: Oct 2023 --> Oct 2025 | Recruiting --> Suspended | Trial primary completion date: May 2023 --> May 2025
Trial completion date • Trial suspension • Trial primary completion date
over1year
Therapeutic blockade of ER stress and inflammation prevents NASH and progression to HCC. (PubMed, Sci Adv)
We next treated MUP-uPA mice with the ER stress inhibitor BGP-15 and soluble gp130Fc, a drug that blocks inflammation by preventing interleukin-6 trans-signaling...We show that this combined therapy reversed NASH and reduced NASH-driven HCC. Our data suggest that these drugs could provide a potential therapy for NASH progression to HCC.
Journal
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • CEACAM1 (CEA Cell Adhesion Molecule 1)
over1year
Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Attenuates Methylmercury Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. (PubMed, Biol Pharm Bull)
Herein, we showed that pretreatment with a p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, SB203580, attenuates MeHg toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, whereas pretreatment with the extracellular signaling-regulated kinase inhibitor U0126 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 does not...Further analysis showed that pretreatment with SB203580 increased multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) mRNA levels after MeHg treatment. These results indicate that detoxification of MeHg by p38 MAPK inhibitors may involve an efflux function of MeHg by inducing MRP2 expression.
Journal
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MAPK8 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8)
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SP600125
over1year
3-deazaadenosine: A promising novel p38γ antagonist with potential as a breast cancer therapeutic agent. (PubMed, Cancer Treat Res Commun)
Using high-throughput virtual screening, 1909 geometrically similar analogs of known inhibitors were generated, primarily using BIRB796, SB202190, ANP, CHEBI: 620708, and CHEBI: 524699...Notably, Lead '1' (3-deazaadenosine) exhibited favorable root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) within the acceptable range of pharmacological properties. Thus, 3-deazaadenosine and its mimetic might be promising new directions for developing a novel class of antagonists for breast cancer treatment.
Journal
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CORIN (Corin, Serine Peptidase) • MAPK12 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 12)
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SB202190
over1year
Comparison of Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Methods for Drug Target Identification by Thermal Proteome Profiling. (PubMed, J Proteome Res)
Label-free DIA approaches, and particularly the library-free mode in DIA-NN, were comparable of TMT-DDA in their ability to detect target engagement of losmapimod with MAPK14 and one of its downstream targets, MAPKAPK3. Using DIA for thermal shift quantitation is a cost-effective alternative to labeled quantitation in the TPP pipeline.
Journal
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MAPK14 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14)
over1year
p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 enhances anticancer activity of PARP inhibitor olaparib in a synergistic way on non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. (PubMed, Biochem Biophys Res Commun)
In addition, combined treatment reduced telomerase activity more than single treatment via reducing telomerase subunits. These data implicated that the anticancer potential of olaparib was significantly increased by combining SB203580 through increasing DNA damage-induced apoptosis and inhibiting telomerase activity.
Journal • PARP Biomarker
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RAD50 (RAD50 Double Strand Break Repair Protein) • CASP3 (Caspase 3)
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Lynparza (olaparib)
over1year
Study of ARRY-614 Plus Either Nivolumab or Nivolumab+Ipilimumab (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=144, Recruiting, Jason J. Luke, MD | Trial completion date: Jun 2024 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2023 --> Mar 2026
Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
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CD4 (CD4 Molecule)
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Opdivo (nivolumab) • Yervoy (ipilimumab) • pexmetinib (ARRY-614)
almost2years
AMPK inhibition induces MCL1 mRNA destabilization via the p38 MAPK/miR-22/HuR axis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. (PubMed, Biochem Pharmacol)
Furthermore, Compound C synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of BCR-ABL inhibitors and the BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199. Collectively, this study indicates that Compound C induces MCL1 downregulation through the AMPK/p38 MAPK/miR-22/HuR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis of KU812 and MEG-01 cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that AMPK inhibition is a promising strategy for improving CML therapy.
Journal • IO biomarker
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ABL1 (ABL proto-oncogene 1) • BCR (BCR Activator Of RhoGEF And GTPase) • MCL1 (Myeloid cell leukemia 1) • SIRT3 (Sirtuin 3) • AMPK (Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha 1) • MIR22 (MicroRNA 22)
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MCL1 expression
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Venclexta (venetoclax) • dorsomorphin (Compound C)
almost2years
Role of ATP5G3 in sodium nitroprusside-induced cell death in cervical carcinoma cells. (PubMed, J Biochem Mol Toxicol)
The transfected cells treated with photodegraded SNP showed equal cytotoxicity to SNP, and pretreatment with deferoxamine (DFO) completely inhibited this cytotoxicity. However, pretreatment with lysosomal inhibitors significantly inhibited cytotoxicity and increased p62 protein levels. These findings suggest that ATP5G3 plays a protective role in autophagic cell death/lysosome-associated cell death induced by SNP via the sequential signaling of ROS/p38/Bcl-xL/Bax in HeLa cells.
Journal
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BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1)
almost2years
Inhibition of tumor cell-autonomous p38 MAPK suppresses IL1α-mediated inflammatory tumor-stromal crosstalk in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (AACR 2023)
PKT mice were treated daily with pexmetinib, gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy, or combination therapy for downstream analysis and survival studies. Both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of p38α significantly reduced IL1A transcription and protein levels in human and murine PDAC tumor cell lines. These findings provide a new therapeutic opportunity to target the p38α MAPK pathway for suppression of IL1α-mediated stromal activation and combination with chemotherapy to overcome therapeutic resistance by modulating the stromal and immune microenvironment in PDAC.
Tumor cell • Stroma
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • IL1A (Interleukin 1, alpha)
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KRAS mutation • KRAS G12D • KRAS G12
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gemcitabine • paclitaxel • pexmetinib (ARRY-614)
almost2years
Microenvironmental CXCL12 deletion enhances Flt3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia stem cell response to therapy by reducing p38 MAPK signaling. (PubMed, Leukemia)
p38 inhibition in combination with chemotherapy plus TKI treatment leads to greater depletion of Flt3-ITD AML LSC compared with CXCL12 deletion. Our studies support roles for CXCL12 and p38 signaling in microenvironmental protection of AML LSC and provide a rationale for inhibiting p38 signaling to enhance Flt3-ITD AML targeting.
Journal
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FLT3 (Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3) • CXCR4 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4) • TET2 (Tet Methylcytosine Dioxygenase 2) • CXCL12 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12)
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FLT3 mutation • CXCL12 expression • TET2 deletion