NVL-655

P1/2, N=470, Recruiting, Nuvalent Inc. | N=320 --> 470

Currently, a fourth-generation (4G) ALK TKI, NVL-655, is being developed to attack some of the unmet needs such as compound resistance mutations in cis...Potentially, in the shifting landscape where lorlatinib should be the first-line ALK TKI of choice based on the CROWN trial, the central β-sheet #6 (Cβ6) mutation ALK L1256F will be the potential acquired resistance mutation to lorlatinib which may be resistant to current ALK TKIs. Here we opine on what additional capacities a putative fifth-generation (5G) ALK TKI will need to possess if it can be achieved in one single molecule. We propose randomized trial schemas targeting some of the intrinsic resistance mechanisms that will lead to approval of a prototypic fifth-generation (5G) ALK TKI and actually be beneficial to ALK+ NSCLC patients rather than just design a positive pivotal superiority trial for the sole purpose of drug approval.

P1/2, N=320, Recruiting, Nuvalent Inc. | N=214 --> 320

Strategies to combat ALK TKI resistance mediated by on-target resistance mechanisms include 4 generation TKIs (TPX-0131, NVL-655) and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) currently in development. Strategies to overcome resistance to currently available ALK inhibitors are urgently needed. Given the variety of resistance mechanisms, tailormade approaches are required for disease control.

Second- (ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and ensartinib) and third-generation (lorlatinib) ALK TKIs have higher intracranial responses than crizotinib but are still limited by emergence of resistance mutations, most commonly G1202R-containing single and compound mutations. Patient-derived models are widely viewed as among the most disease-relevant models for evaluating new therapies and drug resistance. Using a xenograft model derived from an alectinib-relapsed patient, we showed that NVL-655 had high intracranial activity against brain tumors bearing the ALK G1202R mutation that confers resistance to multiple ALK TKIs. NVL-655 is being evaluated in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial for patients with advanced NSCLC and other solid tumors harboring ALK rearrangement or activating ALK mutation (ALKOVE-1): NCT05384626.

Osimertinib-resistant YU-1097 harboring EGFR resistance mutation (E19del/T790M/C797S) revealed sensitivity to BLU-945 (IC50, 108nM), a novel fourth-generation EGFR-TKI. A similar inhibition of cell viability was observed with repotrectinib (IC50, 21nM), a next-generation ROS1-TKI and lorlatinib (IC50, 9nM) in YU-1078 harboring CD74-ROS1, whereas more robust tumor regression was seen with repotrectinib in YU1078-derived xenograft model. Amivantamab, a EGFR-MET bispecific antibody, showed a robust activity in YU-1163 and YUO-036 in vitro and in vivo. PDC/PDO models can be utilized for evaluating activity of novel agents and will accelerate novel drug development in NSCLC.

Longitudinal analysis of circulating tumor DNA will be performed, including ALK mutation profiling and other relevant biomarkers. The phase I portion of the study is ongoing.

Five tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved for treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including first- (crizotinib), second- (ceritinib, alectinib, and brigatinib), and third- (lorlatinib) generation therapies. NVL-655 showed activity in diverse patient-derived models of ALK-positive cancers, including ones that exhibited clinical resistance to prior-generation ALK TKIs. The broad preclinical activity of NVL-655 suggests potential utility as a best-in-class therapy for ALK-positive cancer patients.

Crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib are approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for ALK-positive NSCLC, but durability of response is partly limited by ALK resistance mutations...Ascites mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll centrifugation and cultured in media (DMEM F12 Glutamax, 10% antibiotics/antimycotics, 10% FBS, hydrocortisone, adenine, RockInhibitor, and 1/10 cholera toxin)... NVL-655 has demonstrated activity in many preclinical models bearing ALK compound mutations, including the MR448re (EML4-ALK v3 G1202R/T1151M) model. The potent preclinical activity of NVL-655 suggests potential clinical utility for ALK-positive patients, including those with resistant compound mutations. The MR448re PDC and xenograft are valuable additions to the ALK therapeutic research landscape where there is limited availability of patient-derived models with lorlatinib-resistant ALK compound mutations.

P1/2, N=214, Recruiting, Nuvalent Inc. | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P1/2, N=214, Not yet recruiting, Nuvalent Inc.

TRKB inhibition in the central nervous system has been implicated in adverse events observed with FDA-approved ALK inhibitor lorlatinib. In cell-based assays, NVL-655 was observed to inhibit proliferation of a human anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line harboring NPM1-ALK fusion and human neuroblastoma cell lines harboring ALK activating mutations or amplification. In conclusion, the preclinical profile of NVL-655 supports its potential to address a medical need for patients with ALK-driven disease in both NSCLC and other cancers such as anaplastic large cell lymphoma and neuroblastoma.

How these 4G ALK TKIs would be used in the future will depend on which line of treatment the clinical trial design(s) is adopted provided the trial is positive. If approved, 4G ALK TKIs may usher in a new treatment paradigm for advanced ALK+ NSCLC that is based on classifying ALK TKIs based on the intrinsic functional capabilities ("singe mutant active" versus "double mutant active") rather than the loosely-defined "generational" (first-, second-,third-,fourth-) classification and avoid the current clinical approaches of seemingly random sequential use of 2G and 3G ALK TKIs.