Neuroendocrine Tumor

FOXA1 is a highly sensitive diagnostic marker for prostate cancer. It can serve as a valuable adjunct for confirming prostatic origin in diagnostically challenging cases such as prostatic small cell carcinoma.

Theranostic radiopharmaceutical therapy has moved from niche practice to mainstream oncology, anchored by approvals of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors and lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan for PSMA-positive prostate cancer. Yet the field's future depends on rigorous clinical trial design, realistic operational planning, and workforce readiness. This review summarizes how theranostics evolved, outlines current regulatory and trial-design yardsticks (including dose optimization and expectations for assessment of late-toxicity), and provides a practical framework for nuclear medicine physicians to assess protocols and prepare their practices for expanding indications and combinations.

P1, N=10, Active, not recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Sep 2026 --> Sep 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2026 --> Sep 2027

The post operative course was uneventful and regular follow up. This case highlights the diagnostic difficulty of PHNET and underscores the importance of histopathological evaluation for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

This review summarizes the key pathologic and molecular features associated with aggressive behavior in DTC, highlighting their diagnostic criteria, prognostic significance, and implications for clinical management. Comprehensive pathologic evaluation integrating morphologic and molecular findings remains essential for accurate risk stratification and multidisciplinary care of patients with thyroid carcinoma.

In our study, breast tumors with neuroendocrine features exhibited a luminal immunophenotype and did not demonstrate a clearly distinct clinical behavior compared with conventional hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Neuroendocrine differentiation may therefore represent a morphological feature within the luminal spectrum rather than a distinct biological entity.

P=N/A, N=164, Completed, Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Even so, three were alive with disease at distant metastatic sites. Whether this is a consistent finding in this tumor category remains to be addressed as more patient series are published.

We herein present a patient of grade I pancreatic NET showing atypical low somatostatin receptor expression on 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) but intense fluorine-18-deoxyglucose ( 18 FDG) avidity, and when interpreted together, these findings showed discordance with histopathology. The case highlights the crucial role of dual-tracer PET/CT in navigating the tumor biology and landscape of NET and the need for novel strategies to complement traditional histopathology that would enable better therapeutic decision-making.

Baseline NSE elevation and early post-treatment declines may serve as potential prognostic indicators. These results are hypothesis-generating and warrant validation in larger, multicenter studies.

Multimodal deep learning combining SR-PET, CT, and laboratory biomarkers outperformed unimodal approaches for PFS prediction after PRRT. Upon external validation, such models may support risk-adapted follow-up strategies.

In vivo, we confirmed that entinostat treatment increased the expression of immunecheckpoint ligands and antigen presentation machinery in Myc-driven tumors in a Rb1/Trp53/MycT58A (RPM) SCLC mouse model, while shifting tumors from a neuroendocrine (NE)-high to a NE-low phenotype, and was associated with increased T-cell infiltration Notably, combining entinostat with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy suppresses tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival in RPM allograft models. These findings underscore the potential of entinostat to reprogram the NE status of SCLC, enhance immune checkpoint blockade efficacy, and improve therapeutic outcomes.