MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor)

A conservative re-excision was performed, and a PET/CT scan showed no evidence of dissemination. With 16 months of follow-up available, longer-term monitoring will be required to determine the clinical behavior and biologic potential of this tumor.

Validated across independent cohorts, these spatial and molecular signatures predict poor survival and point to actionable targets. Ultimately, our study elucidates the spatial logic of resistance and provides a rationale for translating multi-omic discoveries into actionable, personalized therapeutic strategies.

Mechanistically, these effects were linked to the regulation of Rho GTPases (Rac1, RhoA, Cdc42) and suppression of F-actin reorganization. This study provides, for the first time, evidence that the skin-lightening effect of glabridin involves two complementary mechanisms: inhibition of melanogenesis through suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and attenuation of both dendricity and melanin transfer via the influence of Rho family GTPases expression.

The inhibitory effects of N-ELNs on melanin production, tyrosinase activity, and gene expression of Tyr, Tyrp1, and Mitf were comparable to those of the positive control, arbutin. Collectively, these findings suggest that N. oculata exhibits promising skin-whitening properties, providing a novel perspective for clinical applications and supporting the high-value utilization of the microalgae aquaculture industry.

Importantly, pharmacological activation or stabilization of AhR exacerbated this susceptibility, while its inhibition mitigated ferroptotic responses-highlighting AhR not only as a mediator of resistance-associated metabolic rewiring but also as a potential therapeutic target. Collectively, these findings position AhR as a central node linking metabolic plasticity to ferroptosis vulnerability, offering a novel axis for therapeutic intervention in drug-resistant melanoma.

AGEE effectively suppresses melanogenic activation under both normal and oxidative stress conditions, with enhanced efficacy in redox-imbalanced environments. These findings suggest AGEE as a promising functional ingredient for managing oxidative stress-associated hyperpigmentation.

Furthermore, we identified a human orthologue of Dlx4os. Our findings highlight the potential of Dlx4os as both a biomarker and therapeutic target, capable of modulating melanoma's phenotypic plasticity to influence treatment response and metastasis.

The OAMF (100, 200, and 400 µg/mL) treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanogenic enzymes [tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2)] dose-dependently. Therefore, OAMF can help reduce oxidative stress in humans when consumed and can be used as an anti-aging and skin-lightening agent in the cosmetic industry.

Genome-wide analyses identified candidate modifier loci functionally linked to PTEN, including in ZNF713, TPTE2P1, and PDPK1. These findings demonstrate that PHTS phenotypes are shaped by complex gene-gene interactions beyond PTEN alone, informing mechanisms underlying the cancer-NDD dichotomy and advancing precision risk stratification.

This case represents the first description of the liquid-based cytologic features of a thyroid TFE3-rearranged PEComa-like neoplasm. Awareness of this rare entity and its cytologic overlap with papillary thyroid carcinoma is essential to avoid diagnostic pitfalls in thyroid fine-needle aspiration.

Thus, dedicated HCCs could improve early detection and intervention of premalignant and malignant skin lesions. Additional studies that include a larger number of minority patients are required to confirm these findings.