MIR31 (MicroRNA 31)

MIR31 deletion upregulates LYN, enhancing stiffness perception and tipping the balance toward O-GlcNAc addition to NICD1, finally resulting in mechanoadaptation- and tumor stemness-driven recurrence. Consequently, MIR31 deletion is a potential biomarker for recurrence and patient stratification in Notch- or OGT-targeted therapies.

However, substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed. Overall, salivary miRNAs-particularly exosomal-represent promising biomarkers for OSCC and HNSCC, although standardized protocols and large-scale validation studies are required for clinical translation.

MiR-31-modified BMSCs induce autophagic cell death in colorectal cancer cells by delivering miR-31 to target and inhibit CCR7, thereby suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This study provides a novel strategic foundation for BMSC-based gene therapy in colorectal cancer.

Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the target genes of dysregulated miRNAs were enriched in cancer-related pathways and processes involving nucleic acid metabolism. Given the reported increased cancer risk among azoospermic patients, these findings suggest that specific miRNAs in seminal plasma may serve as novel non-invasive biomarkers and point to shared molecular mechanisms potentially linking NOA and cancer etiology.

Overall, current evidence supports miRNAs as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in cutaneous oncology. Standardized methodologies and large-scale validation remain essential for their integration into routine clinical practice.

Collectively, our study establishes miR-31 as a novel biomarker for LUAD proliferative potential and implicates the miR-31/CDK1-E2F2 network as a promising target for disrupting LUAD progression. These findings establish a miRNA-centric precision therapeutic paradigm for effectively suppressing oncogenic proliferation in LUAD.

For translation into practice, further validation through large-scale trials, regulatory endorsement, and demonstration of cost-effectiveness remain essential. Nonetheless, saliva-based assays stand out as accessible, patient-centered tools with significant implications for the future of head and neck oncology.

Future research is focusing on integrated multi-omics strategies, the development of wearable real-time monitoring devices, and establishing regulatory frameworks to better facilitate clinical implementation. Addressing these issues may improve the reliability and accessibility of saliva-based diagnostics for OSCC, particularly in low-resource and high-risk populations.

The sensing platform exhibited a strong linear response across both low and high concentration ranges for all three miRNAs, achieving detection limits as low as 1.0 fM. The excellent performance of the sensing platform in diverse environments, including simulated samples, and real clinical specimens, further demonstrated its strong potential for early CRC screening.

A multivariate logistic regression combining miR-21, miR-31, miR-146a, and miR-424 yielded an AUC of 0.959, 96.7% specificity, and 86.7% sensitivity. Although limited by sample size, this study provides the first step for larger validation studies aimed at confirming the diagnostic utility of our salivary four-miRNA signature as a cost-effective and minimally invasive diagnostic tool for OSCC.

These findings suggest that MIR31HG polymorphisms rs72703442 and rs55683539 may confer a protective effect against BC in this population, although no association with clinical features was observed. Larger multiethnic studies are needed to validate these associations and clarify underlying mechanisms.