MIR21 (MicroRNA 21)

Our combined theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that both the location and density of m6A modifications critically dictate the extent of reaction inhibition, supporting the use of single-base epigenetic modifications as a versatile tool for chemical system design. This epigenetically regulated platform provides a general framework for dynamic nucleic acid circuits, with broad implications for biosensing, molecular computing, and synthetic biology, advancing the development of epigenetically controlled biochemical systems.

These findings establish a mechanistic link between miR-21-5p activity and Alt-EJ dependence, provide a clinically deployable signature to identify Alt-EJ-dependent OSCC, and support rational combinations of Alt-EJ-targeting agents with radiotherapy to overcome treatment failure and advance precision radiation oncology.

The designed sensor achieves high sequence selectivity, a detection limit of 0.32 nM, and robust performance in saliva and serum. These results establish a mechanistically transparent, low-cost platform for portable nucleic-acid diagnostics and highlight the synergy between hydrogel ionodynamics and lattice photonics.

The results demonstrated high sensitivity, with a picomolar detection limit for miR-21, and an effective response to millimolar levels of cellular ATP in cancer cells, both with excellent specificity and reliability. The ATMiR-LOCK probe represents a promising strategy for developing highly specific diagnostic tools for early tumor detection.

Furthermore, by modifying the recognition sequence, T-CHA achieved highly sensitive detection of miR-21, demonstrating the modular adaptability of the platform for different RNA targets as an initial proof of concept. By combining the structural precision of TDN with the signal amplification of CHA, T-CHA provides a robust and precise platform for the molecular diagnosis of HCC, highlighting its potential for further development toward diagnostic applications.

Major challenges include tumorigenicity risks (especially for pluripotent-derived cells), immune rejection, epigenetic/genomic instability, manufacturing scalability, stringent regulatory requirements, and elevated ethical thresholds for invasive therapies in a non-lethal psychiatric disorder. This review examines how stem cell actions align with PTSD brain changes, critically assesses the limited evidence, and suggests a careful translational plan.

This biosensor exhibits favourable linearity and selectivity for the detection of miRNA-21, and the detection limit is 47.464 fM, demonstrating excellent stability and sensitivity. The constructed PEC biosensor holds practical application worth for the early diagnosis and management of miRNA-21 associated disorders.

This "target → catalyst → new target" paradigm enables ultra-efficient amplification, achieving a wide linear range from 600 fM to 100 nM and a low detection limit of 400 fM for miR-21. Notably, the TICA strategy significantly shortens the total reaction time to 80 min, demonstrating great potential for rapid and sensitive clinical diagnostics.

The fluorescence recovery showed a strong linear correlation with miRNA-21 concentration in the range of 2-200 nM with a detection limit of 0.85 nM, which was further validated in serum samples and demonstrated excellent detection accuracy. Notably, the work not only overcome the drawbacks of complex operation and high background interference by facilitating a rapid (within 35 min) transition from standard to amplified detection, but also markedly enhanced detection efficiency by reducing non-specific signals and streamlining the workflow, thus providing a valuable new tool for cancer research and clinical diagnostics.

Further in vivo studies demonstrate the ability of this system to precisely recognize cancer cells and therefore excels in tumor imaging. Collectively, this work illustrates a simple and powerful strategy for developing DNA logic circuits, bringing new avenues for precise cancer diagnosis and biomedical applications.

Overall, these findings highlight the multifaceted role of exosomes in ovarian cancer biology and underscore their potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. A deeper understanding of how exosomes mediate molecular mechanisms may lead to novel strategies for overcoming chemoresistance and improving treatment outcomes for ovarian cancer patients.

After systematic optimization, the sensor has a wide linear range (1.0 fM-0.1 nM) and an ultra-low LOD of 0.757 fM, eliminating RNA extraction/enzymatic amplification to simplify operation. Serum validation shows high accuracy (95.3%-101.4% recovery), indicating strong clinical diagnostic application potential.