MIR181A1 (MicroRNA 181a-1)

This is the first integrated review linking exosomal miRNAs with proteomic and metabolomic signatures of cancer cachexia, offering a multiomics framework for biomarker discovery and therapeutic targeting. We highlight their potential as early biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and modulators of rehabilitation response, while outlining research gaps including limited clinical validation, intertumor heterogeneity, and the need for multiomics integration to advance translation into patient care.

Several EMT-related miRNAs show consistent associations with invasion, metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, prognosis, and chemoresistance, and many are detectable in circulation. Overall, EMT-related miRNAs orchestrate gastric cancer cell plasticity and tumor-microenvironment crosstalk and represent promising biomarker and therapeutic candidates that warrant validation in prospective, subtype-stratified, and translational studies.

While novel therapies such as rituximab and polatuzumab vedotin have led to improved outcomes, approximately 35% of patients eventually develop relapsed or refractory disease. Among these, miR-155 and miR-21 are particularly well studied, playing central roles in both tumor progression and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes current evidence on the biological and clinical relevance of miRNAs in DLBCL, emphasizing their diagnostic and prognostic potential.

Overall, current evidence supports miRNAs as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in cutaneous oncology. Standardized methodologies and large-scale validation remain essential for their integration into routine clinical practice.

Furthermore, miR-181a-5p might be the upstream activator of the leukemic T-cell proliferation by having direct and indirect effects on several genes. Recent studies indicate that this miR can be implemented in diagnosing and classifying central nervous system (CNS) involvement in ALL patients, which is a devastating challenge in the field of hematology-oncology.

Shikonin induces apoptosis in renal cancer cells by modulating the MAPK/ERK pathway and through cell-line-specific, cell-type-dependent regulation of miR-15b, miR-99b, and miR-181a. These findings highlight the importance of cell-type-dependent miRNA regulation and underscore the therapeutic potential of shikonin in ccRCC.

The analysis of material obtained from the biological fluids of oncology patients enabled disease prognosis, risk assessment of progression, and the determination of optimal approaches to personalised therapy, ultimately improving treatment efficacy. The collected data may serve as a foundation for clinically valuable laboratory studies and practical research.

Meanwhile, the platform's versatility was further demonstrated by detecting miR-181a and miR-155 with exceptional LODs of 0.34 and 0.02 pM. This multiplexed biosensor provides a powerful tool for early liver cancer diagnosis and can be readily adapted for other tumor biomarkers, advancing precision point-of-care diagnostics.

All the data presented in the manuscript are supported by diverse experimental approaches, including transcriptional analyses, functional in vitro assays (migration, invasion, apoptosis), gain- and loss-of-function experiments, luciferase reporter assays, and in vivo xenograft models, further validating the miRNA-RKIP axis involved in the progression of multiple tumors. In conclusion, this review provides an integrated view of the complex post-transcriptional network governing RKIP regulation in cancer, underscoring the potential of targeting RKIP-associated non-coding RNA axes for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at halting tumor progression and overcoming treatment resistance.

This review integrates current findings on the complex interactions between miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and exosomal ncRNAs in CRC angiogenesis. Understanding these molecular regulators highlights their potential as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, which may lead to new targeted treatments that improve CRC patient outcomes by controlling angiogenesis and metastatic spread.

NORAD is a promising diagnostic biomarker for ACS. Its correlation with inflammatory cytokines underlying its involvement in ACS pathogenesis.