MIR145 (MicroRNA 145)

Notably, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR with Everolimus reversed these malignant phenotypes, highlighting a therapeutically actionable vulnerability. Clinically, serum exosomal Linc-ROR was significantly elevated in GC patients and outperformed carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in diagnostic accuracy. Collectively, our findings establish Linc-ROR as a master regulator of autophagy suppression and GC progression via the miR-145-5p/CARMIL1/ERK-mTOR axis, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target, while serum exosomal Linc-ROR emerges as a promising noninvasive biomarker for GC.

The identification and validation of biomarkers reflecting this continuum could enable the establishment of molecular margins-improving risk assessment, reducing local recurrence, and advancing personalized oncologic surgery in HNSCC. Standardizing definitions and sampling protocols for "normal adjacent tissue" remains essential for future translational research.

Moreover, ABCB5-positive cells contribute to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment by secreting cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β) and expressing immune checkpoint ligands, such as PD-L1, thereby favoring tumor progression and a poor prognosis. This review integrates current data on the molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms underlying melanoma progression and therapy resistance, and positions ABCB5 within the broader landscape of melanoma resistance mechanisms, emphasizing both its potential and its current limitations as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

It also covers microbiota-host interactions, including bidirectional links between gut microbes and miRNAs, effects on intestinal homeostasis, and microbial metabolites that alter miRNA expression. Recent advances in RNA-based therapeutic strategies and progress in clinical trials are included to frame the current translational relevance.

Cumulatively, circ_WHSC1/miR-145-5p can be suggested as a potential molecular axis contributing to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, further functional assays are needed to validate this hypothesis.

Since the administration of targeted treatments can result in an immune-related adverse effect, growing interest has focused on exosomes as alternative carriers for miRNA-based therapeutics. Overall, applications of miRNAs have the potential to improve CRC outcomes.

These data indicate that PD-H or microRNA-regulated PD derivatives exhibit only limited therapeutic efficacy following i.v. injection in colorectal tumor-bearing mice. However, the newly engineered microRNA-regulated PD-H variants demonstrate improved safety profiles.

These findings identify circZNF609 as a novel post-transcriptional regulator of EWS::FLI1 and establish its critical role in EwS pathogenesis. Our results suggest that targeting the circZNF609/miR-145-5p/EWS::FLI1 axis may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for EwS.

High plasma miR-145-5p levels were associated with lower risk of CAT and non-CAT, suggesting that miR-145-5p has the potential to serve as a risk biomarker for CAT.

These findings suggest that circulating miRNAs may play a significant role in distinguishing breast cancer patients based on tumor grade, with superior diagnostic performance over some tumor biomarkers, supporting the development of multi-analyte liquid biopsy approaches in the diagnostic process and personalized management of breast cancer patients.

Overall, current evidence supports miRNAs as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in cutaneous oncology. Standardized methodologies and large-scale validation remain essential for their integration into routine clinical practice.