Kidney Cancer

All presented with benign clinical courses. Given its frequent association with end-stage kidney disease and other indolent renal neoplasms as well as its uneventful clinical course, we proposed to reclassify it as a tubulocystic renal cell tumor.

The present study delineates the genomic distribution of Kaiso in cancer cells, confirming its role as a factor with a complex mode of DNA binding and a strong association with CpG islands, particularly with methylated and eroded CpG islands, revealing a new potential Kaiso target gene-SQSTM1, involved in differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Furthermore, we discovered the existence of a new class of CpG islands characterized by wave-like DNA methylation.

P=N/A, N=60, Not yet recruiting, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital

P2, N=118, Active, not recruiting, Peloton Therapeutics, Inc., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey USA) | Trial completion date: Aug 2025 --> Feb 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2025 --> Feb 2027

The clinical response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) varies greatly by histology. Molecularly targeted therapy as monotherapy or when combined with immunotherapy have efficacy in non-clear cell RCC, though there are differences in treatment response by histology.

These advancements have prompted the consideration and study of these innovative therapies in translocation RCC. In this review, we offer an overview of translocation RCC and delve into the current strides in the management of this distinctive disease, highlighting the integration of recent breakthroughs in therapeutic approaches.

It was shown to be a valid and reliable prognostic indicator that could predict the prognosis of PRCC patients accurately. This study has a lot of potential value for future studies.

We herein describe the first case of FH-deficient renal tumor with signet ring cells features, which expands the morphological spectrum of this tumor. More importantly, this variant can be a diagnostic pitfall, we emphasize that pathologists should consider not only the diagnosis of metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma and ALK rearrangement renal cell carcinoma but also FH-deficient renal cell carcinoma.

P1, N=5, Active, not recruiting, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center | Phase classification: P1/2 --> P1

P=N/A, N=600, Recruiting, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2024 --> Mar 2025

P=N/A, N=167, Completed, Taproot Health | Recruiting --> Completed | N=100000 --> 167 | Trial completion date: Oct 2031 --> Oct 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2029 --> Oct 2024

P2, N=80, Recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

Key regulators, including PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, are discussed for their roles in upregulating CHOP levels and triggering apoptosis. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of ER stress in urological cancers not only clarifies the complex interactions between cellular stress and cancer progression but also provides new opportunities for innovative therapeutic strategies.

P2, N=16, Active, not recruiting, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2024 --> Nov 2025

P2, N=65, Active, not recruiting, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Trial completion date: Oct 2024 --> Dec 2024

Overexpression of MICAL-L2 stimulated cell migration, proliferation, and rendered KIRC cells insensitive to sunitinib and everolimus, two traditional therapies for KIRC. Furthermore, MICAL-L2 overexpression accelerated cancer progression and resistance to therapy in KIRC cells by interacting with its downstream regulator α-actinin-4 (ACTN4) in a Rab13-dependent manner, which reduced the degradation of ACTN4, leading to increased Vimentin expression. All these findings indicate that MICAL-L2 plays a crucial role in the progression of KIRC and suggest that MICAL-L2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for KIRC treatment.

P1/2, N=5, Active, not recruiting, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=15 --> 5

The so far absolute predilection of this fusion for renal tumors, coupled with the absence of reports of other GLI1 fusions in tumors of the kidney, might indicate the potential existence of a distinct renal subtype with morphological features similar to other GLI1-altered tumors. All four reported cases had an uneventful follow-up which, together with their low-grade morphological features, suggests that these tumors might have a favorable prognosis.

He was admitted for acute pyelonephritis (APN), and empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone 2 g once daily was started. During hospitalization, Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from both blood and urine cultures, and antibiotic therapy was switched to cefotaxime according to susceptibility testing...Despite a drop in hemoglobin from 14 to 10 g/dL, the patient remained hemodynamically stable, so it was decided to continue conservative medical management. Spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma, though rare in acute pyelonephritis, should be considered if symptoms persist despite antibiotics. Treatment may range from conservative monitoring to surgical intervention, depending on stability and the underlying cause.

Meanwhile, tissue staining revealed variable expression level and consistently cytosolic localization of LMO2 in different tissues and their tumor counterparts, and further indicated that high LMO2 expression in malignant cells was strongly associated with positive CD8+ T-lymphocyte infiltration selectively in digestive tract, breast and kidney tumors. Taken together, this study depicted an overall view of LMO2 functional linkage with tumor immunology in pan-cancers and provided novel insight of LMO2 significance in the field of tumor immune therapy.

Lastly, in adult cancers, DICER1 alterations are associated with immune gene expression signatures and improved survival in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Together, our results identify clinical and biological properties regulating PD-L1 in Wilms tumor that may inform precision therapy approaches in pediatric immuno-oncology.

This pilot study in ccRCC patients has demonstrated the safety, acceptable radiation dosimetry, favorable biodistribution, and exceptional tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NYM005. The preliminary diagnostic study indicated the potential utility of [18F]AlF-NYM005 PET/CT, showing promising results in the diagnosis of primary or metastatic ccRCC.

This unusual co-expression of the commonly used IHC stains during the workup of RCC could serve as a potential diagnostic pitfall. Although very rare, it is important for pathologists to be aware of this form of RCC due to its aggressive clinical behavior, possibility of a germline mutation, and current therapeutic options for tumors with BRCA2 mutation.

The LITESPARK-005 trial reported the benefit of belzutifan in progression-free survival (PFS) compared to everolimus in later lines of treatment, with improvement in quality-of-life outcomes. Given its different mechanism of action to currently available treatments, belzutifan is expected to play a prominent role in the treatment of clear cell renal carcinoma and other cancers.

Furthermore, we have also described the potential mechanism of action of LAMP1 in renal cancer. LAMP1 is a promising target for the treatment of ccRCC.

We report an additional example of SMART with a literature review. Knowledge about this recently described entity would lead to a better understanding of the clinicopathological features and histogenesis of this tumor.

P2, N=80, Not yet recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University

Final pathologic diagnosis: FH-deficient renal cell carcinoma (low grade). Single pure low-grade FH-deficient renal cell carcinoma of the kidney is extremely rare, and the image structure of this tumor exhibits diverse manifestations, which needs to be differentiated from many renal tumors in clinicopathological diagnosis in order to prevent misdiagnosis.

P=N/A, N=20, Active, not recruiting, HistoSonics, Inc. | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

P3, N=252, Recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University

High-throughput sequencing identified EWSR1::CREM fusion in case 1, whereas fluorescence in situ hybridization detected EWSR1::CREB1 fusion in case 2. These cases expand the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of malignant epithelioid tumors with EWSR1::CREB fusion, highlighting the diagnostic challenges of immunohistochemistry and value of molecular testing for accurate diagnosis.

The Ad-IFI35/CAIX vaccine also elicited a strong CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against tumor metastasis and growth in lung metastasis and orthotopic renal carcinoma models. These results indicate that the Ad vaccine dual targeting IFI35 and CAIX is a potential strategy for renal carcinoma treatment.

This study demonstrates that FBXO8 serves as a biomarker for KIRC and plays a role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.

Extra-renal RCC, a rare entity, occurs in locations outside the normal kidneys. This report presents a case of metastatic primary extra-renal RCC.

P=N/A, N=350, Not yet recruiting, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital

P=N/A, N=80, Recruiting, RenJi Hospital

P1, N=31, Active, not recruiting, City of Hope Medical Center | Trial completion date: Oct 2024 --> Oct 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Oct 2025

ALK-RCC represents a distinct entity with clinicopathological, genetic, and immunophenotypic heterogeneity. ALK IHC analysis during primary screening may aid diagnosis in difficult cases. For progressive ALK-RCCs, postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy may be best selected according to IP features. Patients with immune-excluded phenotypes may not benefit from immunotherapy.

P1, N=17, Active, not recruiting, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | Trial completion date: Dec 2032 --> Mar 2026

Furthermore, knocking down B7-H3 expression in renal cancer cells by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas resulted in lower 2D and 3D cell proliferation and viability as well as increased sensitivity to TKI axitinib. Together, our findings suggest a pro-oncogenic and immune evasive role for B7-H3 in ccRCC and highlight B7-H3 as an actionable novel immune checkpoint protein in combination with TKI in advanced renal cancer.

These interactions are crucial for the observed inhibitory activity. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the binding event of the most active compound with class I histone deacetylase and the stability of the complex in a biological environment.

Except for female gender (47.8% vs 18.8% in men; P=0.01), no statistically significant association was found between patient age, tumor grade, tumor size, tumor stage, and renal vein invasion with the level of galectin-3 expression. Considering the contradictory findings between this study and other similar studies, it can be concluded that the physiological role of galectins is very complex and the need for larger and more comprehensive evaluations is felt.