ICOS (Inducible T Cell Costimulator)

Despite the limitations of an in vitro PBMC-based system, selective VEGFR-1 blockade by D16F7 mAb alleviates VEGF-A-driven immune tolerance while preserving T-cell activation, supporting its translational potential as a complementary immunomodulatory approach.

It reviewed adverse events from novel immunotherapies alone or combined with PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 inhibitors, targeted agents, or chemotherapy. These findings have important clinical implications.

Despite treatment with systemic corticosteroids, omalizumab, and mepolizumab, his respiratory symptoms persisted, and lymphadenopathy progressed. A definitive diagnosis often requires an adequate tissue sample, preferably from a surgical lymph node biopsy, to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate management. Respiratory physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for lymphoid malignancies in such complex presentations.

Although feladilimab demonstrated favorable safety and robust receptor occupancy, clinical responses were limited-echoing similar experiences with vopratelimab (JTX-2011) and other ICOS agonists. These outcomes highlight that effective ICOS modulation depends not only on receptor engagement but also on spatial and temporal regulation of effector versus regulatory T-cell responses. Future ICOS-directed strategies, whether agonistic or antagonistic, monoclonal or bispecific, will require rational combination approaches and biomarker-driven patient selection to fully harness this pathway's therapeutic potential.

This case represents a rare pcTFH-PTCL with a persistent T-cell clone coexisting with divergent clonal B- and plasma cell populations. The findings emphasize the role of TFH-derived neoplasms in fostering B-cell expansions and highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic complexity posed by dual-lineage clonality in cutaneous lymphomas.

HER2-directed therapies, such as trastuzumab, interfere with cardioprotective ErbB signaling, typically producing reversible cardiac impairment. Preventive and management strategies incorporate cardioprotective agents like ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, dexrazoxane, and emerging therapies such as SGLT2 inhibitors. Modern cardio-oncology emphasizes a multidisciplinary, precision-based approach integrating early detection, genetic risk assessment, and targeted prophylaxis to preserve cardiac function while maintaining oncologic efficacy, thereby enhancing both survival and quality of life for cancer patients.

The increasing incidence of ICIrM likely reflects improved clinical awareness and diagnostic practices. Continued efforts to optimize surveillance, early detection, and mitigation strategies are essential as ICI use expands globally.

In patients with bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant dual checkpoint blockade, tetrad, but not triad or dyad formation correlates with clinical response. These findings establish tetrads as a fundamental cellular unit coordinating antitumor immunity and responsiveness to ICIs.

Biomarker-driven approaches will be important to individualize therapy and ascertain which cancer patients will derive the greatest benefit from ICOS-directed combination therapy approaches.

These results were confirmed in vivo, where the tumors of mice treated with ICOS-Fc-NB-PTX displayed decreased growth accompanied by downregulation of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and reduced development of CD31+ blood vessels. In conclusion, the ICOS-Fc-NB-PTX formulation deserves to be further analyzed as a highly effective combination for melanoma, exerting multifaceted anti-tumor activities.

Spatial proteomics confirmed peritumoral enrichment of activated (CD107a+, ICOS+) NK and CD8+ T cells and intratumoral accumulation of exhausted (PD-1+, PD-L1+) phenotypes, mirroring pseudotime trajectories inferred from scRNA-seq. These findings highlight spatially localized cytotoxic cell exhaustion as a key immune evasion mechanism in HPV-negative HNSCC and underscore the value of integrating spatial and single-cell data to reveal therapeutic vulnerabilities.

These findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding CC heterogeneity and offer actionable insights for developing subtype-specific therapeutic strategies, such as combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with stromal-targeting agents. This study underscores the potential of spatial multi-omics technologies to advance precision oncology and improve outcomes for cervical cancer patients.