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DRUG CLASS:

ICAM-1 antagonist

2ms
Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3 Strain PD-H Is Effective Against a Broad Spectrum of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines and Induces a Growth Delay in Pancreatic KPC Cell Tumors In Vivo. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci)
In vitro, PD-H exhibited robust replication, as measured by plaque assays, and potent lytic activity, as assessed by XTT assays, in most pancreatic tumor cell lines, outperforming two other coxsackievirus strains tested, H3N-375/1TS and CVA21...Although pancreatic tumors respond to PD-H treatment, its therapeutic efficacy is limited. Combining PD-H with other treatments, such as those aiming at reducing the desmoplastic stroma which impedes viral infection and spread within the tumor, may enhance its efficacy.
Preclinical • Journal • Oncolytic virus • IO biomarker
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CASP3 (Caspase 3) • CASP7 (Caspase 7)
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Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
3ms
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1): From molecular functions to clinical applications in cancer investigation. (PubMed, Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer)
In this review, we thoroughly examine recent advancements in understanding the role of ICAM-1 in tumor development, its relevance in predicting therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, as well as the progress in clinical translational research on anti-ICAM-1-based therapies, encompassing including monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and conventional treatments. By shedding light on these innovative strategies, we aim to underscore ICAM-1's significance as a valuable and multifaceted target for cancer treatment, igniting enthusiasm for further research and facilitating translation into clinical applications.
Review • Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
4ms
Journal
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TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
4ms
ICAM1 (CD54) Contributes to the Metastatic Capacity of Gastric Cancer Stem Cells. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci)
The in vitro analysis showed that ICAM1 regulated STAT3 activation (pSTAT3-ser727) in the GCSCs, which could contribute to the ability of GCSCs to migrate, invade, and metastasize. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the GCSC-ICAM1KO cells lost their capacity to migrate, invade, and metastasize, but they exhibited an increased resistance to a cisplatin treatment compared to their parental GCSCs; the GCSC-ICAM1KO cells also exhibited an increased tumorigenic capability in vivo.
Journal • Cancer stem • Metastases
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CD24 (CD24 Molecule)
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cisplatin
4ms
Neoplastic ICAM-1 protects lung carcinoma from apoptosis through ligation of fibrinogen. (PubMed, Cell Death Dis)
Finally, we developed a monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1-FGG binding motif, which blocks ICAM-1‒FGG interaction and effectively suppresses NSCLC cell survival in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Thus, suppressing ICAM-1-FGG axis provides a potential strategy for NSCLC targeted therapy.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CASP9 (Caspase 9)
4ms
Inhibition of Mac-1 allows human macrophages to migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1. (PubMed, Mol Biol Cell)
In sum, the ability of macrophages to migrate upstream when Mac-1 is blocked represents a new avenue to precisely control the differentiation, migration, and trafficking of macrophages. [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • ITGAM (Integrin, alpha M)
4ms
Tumor-derived exosomal ICAM1 promotes bone metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by inducing CD8+ T cell exhaustion. (PubMed, Int J Biochem Cell Biol)
Moreover, ICAM1 blockade significantly impairs the ability of tumor exosomes to bind to CD8+ T cells, thereby inhibiting their immunosuppressive effects. The present study elucidates the complex interaction between primary tumors and the immune system that is mediated by exosomes and provides a foundation for the development of novel cancer immunotherapies that target ICAM1 with the aim of mitigating TNBC bone metastasis.
Journal
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
5ms
CXCL1 promotes cell migration in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the miR-30b-5p/ICAM-1 axis. (PubMed, J Cancer)
CXCL1 was shown to enhance ICAM-1-dependent cell motility by inhibiting miR-30b-5p. This study provides novel evidence that CXCL1 could serve as a therapeutic target for metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • MIR30B (MicroRNA 30b) • CXCL1 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1)
5ms
Disentangling Anti-Tumor Response of Immunotherapy Combinations: A Physiologically Based Framework for V937 Oncolytic Virus and Pembrolizumab. (PubMed, Clin Pharmacol Ther)
Additionally, this platform allows us to investigate not only the contribution of processes related to the viral kinetics and dynamics on tumor response, but also the influence of its interaction with an ICI. Additionally, the model can be used to explore different scenarios aiming to optimize treatment combinations and support clinical development.
Journal • Oncolytic virus
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PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • PD-1 (Programmed cell death 1)
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
6ms
Brief research report: ETS-1 blockade increases ICAM-1 expression in activated human retinal endothelial cells. (PubMed, Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne))
These unexpected findings indicate that ETS-1 blockade increases ICAM-1 transcript and protein levels in human retinal endothelial cells. Thus ETS-1-targeting would be expected to promote rather than inhibit retinal transendothelial migration of leukocytes in non-infectious posterior uveitis.
Journal
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TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • ETS1 (ETS Proto-Oncogene 1) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta)
6ms
Systematic pan-cancer analysis insights into ICAM1 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker. (PubMed, FASEB J)
Meanwhile, the expression of ICAM1 is associated with several immune-related functions and immune-regulation-related signaling pathways, such as the chemokine signaling pathway. Our study shows that ICAM1 can be used as a prognostic biomarker in many cancer types because of its function in tumorigenesis and malignant tumor immunity.
Journal • Tumor mutational burden • Pan tumor
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TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden) • MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
6ms
Mechanisms underlying neutrophils adhesion to triple-negative breast cancer cells via CD11b-ICAM1 in promoting breast cancer progression. (PubMed, Cell Commun Signal)
Targeting CD11b-ICAM1 with atorvastatin represented a potential clinical approach to reduce the malignant characteristics of TNBC.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CSF2 (Colony stimulating factor 2) • ITGAM (Integrin, alpha M) • MMP9 (Matrix metallopeptidase 9)
6ms
Safety of DNP007 in Healthy Subjects (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1, N=12, Recruiting, Seoul National University Hospital | Phase classification: P --> P1
Phase classification
7ms
Epigenetic Reprogramming Potentiates ICAM1 Antibody Drug Conjugates in Preclinical Models of Melanoma. (PubMed, Adv Sci (Weinh))
Here, the synergy between ADC and epigenetic drug decitabine (DAC), a clinically approved DNA methylation inhibitor, in multiple preclinical models of melanoma specifically investigated...Meanwhile, I1-DXd/DAC combination also exerted regulatory effects on tumor microenvironment (TME) by enhancing tumor infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells and improving penetration of ADCs with a boosted antitumor immunity. This study provides a rational ADC combination strategy for solid tumor treatment.
Preclinical • Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
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decitabine
7ms
Molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1. (PubMed, J Immunother Cancer)
These data indicate that cell proliferation and cytotoxicity are negatively correlated, and the interplay between them is differentially regulated by the mode of initial activation. The SIN stimulation greatly enhances the cell expansion, following both activation modes, while displaying high survival and cytotoxic potency at specific time points following stimulation, suggesting that it could effectively reinforce adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
Journal • IO biomarker
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CCL21 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 21)
7ms
B7-H3 and ICAM-1 are potentially therapeutic targets for thyroid carcinoma. (PubMed, Diagn Pathol)
In the groups of our cohort, PTCs and ATCs showed frequently moderate to strong expression of B7-H3 and ICAM-1 protein expression. The significant relevance of B7-H3 staining score with ICAM-1 staining score was observed in TCGA database and our cohort, which might open avenues for the combination therapy in advanced thyroid cancer.
Journal • IO biomarker
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CD276 (CD276 Molecule) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
7ms
Adhesion between EVs and tumor cells facilitated EV-encapsulated doxorubicin delivery via ICAM1. (PubMed, Pharmacol Res)
Interestingly, EV-encapsulated Dox can induce ICAM1 expression by irritating IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion in TME, thereby increasing tumor targeting of Dox-loading EVs. Altogether, EVs and EV-encapsulated Dox synergize via ICAM1, which collectively enhances the curative effects for tumor treatment.
Journal • Tumor cell
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IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
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doxorubicin hydrochloride
7ms
Role of ICAM-1 in triple-negative breast cancer. (PubMed, Open Med (Wars))
The diagnosis, prognosis, development, distant metastases, and immunotherapy of TNBC are correlated with high expression of ICAM-1. This research provides available data for the further study of the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.
Journal • IO biomarker
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
8ms
Oncolytic virus V937 in combination with PD-1 blockade therapy to target immunologically quiescent liver and colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Mol Ther Oncol)
In addition, both recombinant interferon-gamma and pembrolizumab increased ICAM-1 on tumor cell lines or organoids and, in turn, amplified V937-mediated oncolysis and immunogenicity. These findings provide critical mechanistic insights on the cross-talk between V937-mediated oncolysis and immune responses, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of V937 in combination with PD-1 blockade to treat immunologically quiescent cancers.
Journal • Combination therapy • Oncolytic virus
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IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • TERC (Telomerase RNA Component)
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ICAM1 overexpression
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
8ms
AML/T cell interactomics uncover correlates of patient outcomes and the key role of ICAM1 in T cell killing of AML. (PubMed, Leukemia)
Without ICAM1, killing-sensitive AML became resistant to killing by primary ex vivo-isolated CD8+ T cells in vitro, and engineered CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. While AML heterogeneity implies that multiple factors may determine their sensitivity to T cell killing, these data show that ICAM1 acts as an immune trigger, allowing T cell killing, and could play a role in AML patient survival in vivo.
Journal
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • CD4 (CD4 Molecule) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
8ms
Safety of DNP007 in Healthy Subjects (clinicaltrials.gov)
P=N/A, N=12, Recruiting, Seoul National University Hospital
New trial
9ms
PGRN inhibits CD8+T cell recruitment and promotes breast cancer progression by up-regulating ICAM-1 on TAM. (PubMed, Cancer Immunol Immunother)
These findings suggest that inhibition of PGRN may act as a potential immune-therapeutic strategy by recovering infiltration of CD8+T cell in BCa tissue and thereby enhancing the response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Journal • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
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PGR expression
9ms
Double-negative T cells utilize a TNFα-JAK1-ICAM-1 cytotoxic axis against acute myeloid leukemia. (PubMed, Blood Adv)
DNTs then engaged with AML cells more effectively through an ICAM-1 receptor, LFA-1, leading to enhanced killing. These results reveal a TNFα-JAK1-ICAM-1 axis in DNT-mediated cytotoxicity against AML to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Journal
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TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
9ms
The mechanism of the contribution of ICAM-1 to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bladder cancer. (PubMed, Hum Cell)
We identified also that ICAM-1 is capable of regulating cellular migration, proliferation, and EMT progression in bladder cancer cells via the N-cadherin/SRC/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis. Therefore, we propose ICAM-1 as a novel metastatic marker for EMT progression, which may also be used as a therapeutic target in bladder cancer.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CDH2 (Cadherin 2) • GSK3B (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta)
9ms
A Study of Gebasaxturev (V937) in Combination With Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors (V937-013) (clinicaltrials.gov)
P1/2, N=75, Terminated, Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Phase classification: P1b/2 --> P1/2 | Completed --> Terminated; Business Reasons
Phase classification • Trial termination • Combination therapy • Metastases
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • ER (Estrogen receptor) • PGR (Progesterone receptor)
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HER-2 positive • HER-2 negative
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
10ms
Age-dependent loss of HAPLN1 erodes vascular integrity via indirect upregulation of endothelial ICAM1 in melanoma. (PubMed, Nat Aging)
These results suggest that HAPLN1 alters endothelial ICAM1expression in an indirect, matrix-dependent manner. Targeting ICAM1 could be a potential treatment strategy for older patients with melanoma, emphasizing the role of aging in tumorigenesis.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CDH5 (Cadherin 5)
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CDH1 expression
10ms
CAR-mediated targeting of NK cells overcomes tumor immune escape caused by ICAM-1 downregulation. (PubMed, J Immunother Cancer)
Downregulation of ICAM-1 on breast cancer cells is a critical escape mechanism from trastuzumab-triggered ADCC. In contrast, CAR-NK cells are able to overcome cancer cell resistance caused by ICAM-1 reduction, highlighting the potential of CAR-NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Journal • IO biomarker
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • KLRC1 (Killer Cell Lectin Like Receptor C1)
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HER-2 positive
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Herceptin (trastuzumab) • HER2 t-haNK
10ms
Trial termination • Combination therapy • Metastases
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CD4 (CD4 Molecule)
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
10ms
Role of ICAM-1 in the Adhesion of T cells to Enteric Glia: Perspectives in the Formation of Plexitis in Crohn's disease. (PubMed, Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol)
Our present work argues for a role of Glia-T cell interaction in the development of myenteric plexitis through the adhesion molecules ICAM-1/LFA-1, and suggests that deciphering the functional consequences of Glia-T cell interaction is important to understand the mechanisms implicated in the development and recurrence of Crohn's disease.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
11ms
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in H3K27 Mutant Pediatric Diffuse Midline Glioma: Single-Cell and Bioinformatics Insights on CD8A, IL7R, and ICAM1. (PubMed, Curr Med Chem)
In conclusion, the collective findings of our study suggest the potential role of CD8A, IL7R, and ICAM1 as innovative biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating pediatric DMG. Moreover, these molecules hold promise as therapeutic targets in the management of this disease. The implications of our research underscore the importance of exploring these novel avenues for improved patient outcomes.
Journal • IO biomarker
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • TIGIT (T Cell Immunoreceptor With Ig And ITIM Domains 2) • IDO1 (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) • IL7R (Interleukin 7 Receptor) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
11ms
The Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Loaded with Oncolytic Coxsackievirus A21 on Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer. (PubMed, Curr Cancer Drug Targets)
The results of the current study suggest that MSCs loaded with oncolytic CVA21 therapy for the CRC mouse model may have some potential advantages. On the other hand, the results of the study showed that, in addition to activating the acquired immune system, the use of MSCs loaded with oncolytic CVA21 also stimulates the innate immune system by increasing levels of nitric oxide.
Preclinical • Journal • Oncolytic virus
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IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • IL10 (Interleukin 10) • TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) • IL4 (Interleukin 4)
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Cavatak (gebasaxturev)
12ms
Annotation of CD8 T-cell function via ICAM-1 imaging identifies FAK inhibition as an adjuvant to augment the antitumor immunity of radiotherapy. (PubMed, Theranostics)
Mechanistically, VS-6063 overcomes the physical barriers in tumors and promotes the migration and infiltration of CD8 T cells primed by RT into distant tumors. Our findings highlight that molecular imaging of ICAM-1 levels provides a dynamic readout of the proliferation and effector function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells, which facilitates the high-throughput exploitation of new combinational drugs to maximize the systemic antitumor effect of RT.
Journal
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
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CD8 expression
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defactinib (VS-6063)
12ms
Protective effect of barbigerone against ethanol-induced ulcers via the interleukins/ICAM-1/Bcl-2 pathway. (PubMed, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci)
Barbigerone protective effects can be attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as promote gastroprotection against ethanol-induced ulcers in rats.
Journal • IO biomarker
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BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) • IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • IL1B (Interleukin 1, beta) • CAT (Catalase)
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BCL2 expression • IL6 expression
12ms
ICAM-1 mediated cell-cell adhesion exerts dual roles on human B cell differentiation and IgG production. (PubMed, iScience)
Consistently, CD4 T cells from moderate-to-severe SLE patients with high ICAM-1 expression mediated less IgG production after T-B coculture. Therefore, ICAM-1-mediated human CD4 T-B cell adhesion provides dual roles on B cell differentiation and IgG production partially depending on expression levels of PD-1 on B cells, supporting cell adhesion and subsequent PD-1 induction as an alternative intrinsic checkpoint for B cell differentiation.
Journal • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
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CD19 (CD19 Molecule) • PD-1 (Programmed cell death 1) • CD4 (CD4 Molecule) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • IRF4 (Interferon regulatory factor 4) • PRDM1 (PR/SET Domain 1)
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PD-1 expression • CD19 expression • ICAM1 overexpression
1year
ITGB2-ICAM1 axis promotes liver metastasis in BAP1-mutated uveal melanoma with retained hypoxia and ECM signatures. (PubMed, Cell Oncol (Dordr))
The inhibitors primarily inhibited hypoxia- and ECM-related pathways indicated by changes in the expression of genes such as ADAM8, CAV2, ENO1, PGK1, LOXL2, ITGA5, and VCAN. etc. This study suggested that the ITGB2-ICAM1 axis may play a crucial role for BAP1-associated UM metastasis by preserving hypoxia- and ECM- related signatures, which provide a potential strategy for preventing UM metastasis in patients with BAP1 mutation.
Journal
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • BAP1 (BRCA1 Associated Protein 1) • GDF15 (Growth differentiation factor 15) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • ENO1 (Enolase 1) • CAV2 (Caveolin 2) • CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) • ITGB2 (Integrin Subunit Beta 2) • ADAM8 (ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 8) • ATF3 (Activating Transcription Factor 3) • ITGA5 (Integrin Subunit Alpha 5) • PGK1 (Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1)
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BAP1 mutation
1year
The pK56M ICAM1 HFpEF risk variant and inflammatory biomarkers. (PubMed, Am Heart J Plus)
The association between rs5491 and HFpEF remained significant after adjustment for hsCRP. In Black individuals, rs5491 (p.K56M) is associated with higher hsCRP and higher TNFR-1, but not IL-6.
Journal
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IL6 (Interleukin 6) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • CRP (C-reactive protein)
1year
FGF2 drives osteosarcoma metastasis through activating FGFR1-4 receptor pathway-mediated ICAM-1 expression. (PubMed, Biochem Pharmacol)
Moreover, the knockdown of endogenous FGF2 suppressed ICAM-1 expression and migration of osteosarcoma cells. These findings suggest that FGF2/FGFR1-4 signaling promotes metastasis via its direct downstream target gene ICAM-1, revealing a novel potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
Journal
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FGFR2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) • FGFR3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) • FGFR1 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) • FGFR4 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2) • JUN (Jun proto-oncogene)
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FGFR1 expression
1year
Ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation and promotes degradation of keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9. (PubMed, J Integr Med)
Topical application of EHC ameliorates psoriasis-like skin symptoms and improves the inflammation at the lesion sites. Please cite this article as: Zhong Y, Zhang BW, Li JT, Zeng X, Pei JX, Zhang YM, Yang YX, Li FL, Deng Y, Zhao Q. Ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation and promotes degradation of keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
Journal
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IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • TNFA (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) • CXCL9 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9) • ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • IL17A (Interleukin 17A)
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Zyclara (imiquimod) • MG132
1year
A microRNA sponge, LINC02193, promotes neutrophil activation by upregulating ICAM1 and is correlated with ANCA-associated vasculitis. (PubMed, Rheumatology (Oxford))
LINC02193, a novel lncRNA identified in AAV could function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) for miR-485-5p to promote ICAM1 expression and neutrophils activation, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target of AAV.
Journal
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ICAM1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) • MIR485 (MicroRNA 485)
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ICAM1 overexpression
1year
The efficacy and safety assessment of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed, Virol J)
Given the relative safety and tolerability of oncolytic viruses, and the lack of reports of dose-limiting-dependent toxicities, more patients treated with T-VEC with or without ICIs should be added to future assessment analyses. There is still a long way to go before it can be used as a first-line therapy for patients with advanced or unresectable melanoma.
Retrospective data • Review • Journal • Oncolytic virus • Metastases
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CSF2 (Colony stimulating factor 2)
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Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec) • Cavatak (gebasaxturev)