P2, N=692, Recruiting, Seagen Inc. | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2025 --> Feb 2026

P1, N=573, Active, not recruiting, Exelixis | Trial completion date: Feb 2025 --> Jul 2025

Tissue factor (TF), an initiator of the blood coagulation pathway, has been investigated regarding its relationship with cancer, and several preclinical and clinical studies have presented data on anti-TF ADCs, including tisotumab vedotin, which was approved in 2021...Analysis of a pancreatic cancer tissue array showed weak and heterogeneous TF expression in most TF-positive specimens, indicating that the response rate to pancreatic cancer might be higher for DXd- than MMAE-conjugated anti-TF ADC. Nevertheless, our findings indicated that optimizing the ADC payloads individually in each patient could maximize the potential of ADC therapeutics.

P1, N=50, Not yet recruiting, Multitude Therapeutics Inc.

Pembrolizumab was added to cycle three of her systemic chemotherapy regimen of carboplatin/paclitaxel/bevacizumab. She had progression on this regimen and was transitioned to tisotumab vedotin; however, ultimately opted to proceed with hospice secondary to failure to thrive.Case 2A 36-year-old woman with history of an abnormal pap smear in pregnancy and initial biopsy demonstrating endocervical adenocarcinoma, mucinous type...This is the first case report describing these inconsistencies. Etiologies of and outcomes related to the discrepant expression of PD-L1 should be further studied.

P1, N=573, Active, not recruiting, Exelixis | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Oct 2024 --> Feb 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2024 --> Feb 2025

P3, N=568, Active, not recruiting, Seagen Inc. | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Feb 2028 --> Aug 2025

However, only the ADC tisotumab vedotin (TV) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cervical cancer... TROP2, TF and NECTIN4 are highly expressed in cervical cancer. Clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of ADCs are highly relevant in cervical cancer.

INA03 administration in hCD71/hTf mice did not reveal, even at high doses, any improper toxicities. Hence, these data demonstrate promising pre-clinical efficacy and safety of INA03 and support its development as a novel acute leukemia treatment.

P1/2, N=214, Active, not recruiting, Seagen Inc. | Phase classification: P1b/2 --> P1/2

The first FDA-approved ADC for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer was tisotumab vedotin, a tissue factor-targeting agent, after demonstrating response in the innovaTV 204 trial. Mirvetuximab soravtansine targets folate receptor alpha and is approved for use in patients with folate receptor alpha-positive, platinum-resistant, epithelial ovarian cancer based on results from the SORAYA trial. While there are no FDA-approved ADCs for the treatment of uterine cancer, trastuzumab deruxtecan, an anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) agent, is actively being investigated. In this review, we will describe the structure and mechanism of action of ADCs, discuss their toxicity profiles, review ADCs both approved and under investigation for the management of gynecologic cancers, and discuss mechanisms of ADC resistance.

ENA 2022. Clinical trial information: NCT04925284.

JEWEL-101 (NCT04925284) is a phase 1, dose-escalation and multi-cohort expansion study evaluating XB002 alone and in combination with nivolumab or bevacizumab in pts with advanced solid tumors. ENA 2022. Clinical trial information: NCT04925284.

P2, N=692, Recruiting, Seagen Inc. | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2023 --> Apr 2025

P1, N=19, Completed, Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Aug 2024 --> Nov 2023

P1, N=20, Active, not recruiting, Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. | Not yet recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Initiation date: Oct 2023 --> Jun 2023

In this review, we discuss prevention measures and the outcomes of recent trials in all stages of cervical cancer. As therapies continue to evolve, ongoing trials and new areas of exploration will continue to identify opportunities to improve survival in cervical cancer.

P1b/2, N=214, Active, not recruiting, Seagen Inc. | Trial completion date: Sep 2024 --> Dec 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2024 --> Dec 2024

We have consolidated information regarding the role of the immune system in both disease progression and disease clearance with the aid of targeted therapies and immunotherapeutic agents. Additionally, we have characterized the treatment modalities currently indicated as the standard of care-such as bevacizumab and the immune CPIs-and those recently approved or in development, including Tivdak, Vigil, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.

In summary, our study opens the door for further evaluation of ADCs in several indications not explored before.

The relationship between ADC and MMAE exposure and safety end points suggests increased exposure was associated with increased AE risk. These results align with clinical findings showing TV 2 mg/kg (≤200 mg for patients ≥100 kg) every 3 weeks is efficacious and tolerable for patients with r/mCC.

TV in combination with bevacizumab, carboplatin, or pembrolizumab demonstrated manageable safety and encouraging antitumor activity in treatment-naive and previously treated r/mCC.

Also, other unique side effects are specific to the tissue antigen that is targeted for, such as the cardiac toxicity with Her-2 targeting ADCs, and the hemorrhagic side effects with the tissue factor (TF) targeting Tisotumab vedotin. Further exciting developments are centered in the strategies to improve the tolerability and efficacy of the ADCs to improve the therapeutic window; as well as the development of novel payloads including (1) peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), with the peptide replacing the monoclonal antibody, rendering greater tumor penetration; (2) immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs), which upon conjugation of the antigen, cause an influx of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate dendritic cells and harness an anti-tumor T-cell response; and (3) the use of radioactive isotopes as a payload to enhance cytotoxic activity.

P1, N=20, Recruiting, Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P2, N=692, Recruiting, Seagen Inc. | N=532 --> 692 | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Nov 2026

Although there are still many challenges, TF could possibly be a potential molecule to be used for further cancer therapy as some TF-targeted therapies like Seagen and Genmab's tisotumab vedotin have gained FDA approval for treatment of cervical cancer. Overall, based on the overviewed studies, this review article provides an in-depth overview of the crucial role that TF plays in cancer development and progression, and emphasizes the potential of TF-targeted and re-targeted therapies as potential approaches for the treatment of cancer.

Tissue factor (TF) is the target of the FDA-approved ADC Tivdak. HuSC1-39 is the parent antibody of MRG004A, a clinical stage TF-ADC (NCT04843709)...Treatment of TF-high TNBC cells with anti-TF or TF-knockout all stimulated CXCL9/10/11 production, promoted T cell migration and effector function. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism of TF in TNBC tumor progression and therapy resistance.

P1, N=20, Not yet recruiting, Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

The first-line standard of care for R/M CC now benefits from the addition of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, to platinum-based chemotherapy with paclitaxel and bevacizumab. We searched clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trials and pubmed.ncbi.nih.gov for recently published trial data, as well as recent years' proceedings from the annual conferences of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) and the International Gynecologic Cancer Society (IGCS). Therapeutics currently attracting attention include novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccination, antibody-drug conjugates, such as tisotumab vedotin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting HER2 and multitarget synergistic combinations.

The clinical development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in ovarian cancer began in 2008 with farletuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, and vintafolide, an antigen drug conjugate, both targeting alpha folate receptor...In September 2021, the FDA approved tisotumab vedotin (TV) in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer with disease progression on or after chemotherapy. This was followed in November 2022, by the approval of mirvetuximab soravtansine (MIRV) for adult patients with folate receptor alpha (FRα) positive, platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer, who have received one to three prior systemic treatment regimens...We also outline new concepts in the field of ADCs, including promising targets such as NaPi2 and novel drug delivery platforms such as dolaflexin with a scaffold-linker. Finally, we briefly present challenges in the clinical management of ADC toxicities and the emerging role of ADC combination therapies, including chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic and immunotherapeutic agents.

In urological cancer, olaparib + abiraterone was demonstrated thru the PROpel trial to benefit in first-line treatment mCRPC regardless of the HRR stratification factor, along with the adjuvant therapy everolimus, for fully resected RCC in the EVEREST trial. In gynecological cancer, tisotumab vedotin demonstrated a potential role in improving clinical outcomes in 1st line r/mCC thru InnovaTV-205. In breast cancer, trastuzumab deruxtecan showed significant benefit for redefined human epidermal growth factors receptor 2 status in HER2 low BC patients, where current targeted-HER2 therapies are ineffective in the DESTINY-BREAST 04 study...research papers. In this article, we resumed the different renowned and what we considered intriguing to review studies presented during these three long sessions at the ASCO 2022 meeting.

Current evidence strongly supports the use of ADCs and ongoing clinical trials will provide further information into the potential of making these drugs part of current standard practice allowing patients to be treated with a higher level of personalized cancer care.

This vedotin drug linker system has been clinically validated in multiple ADC programs, including brentuximab vedotin, enfortumab vedotin, and tisotumab vedotin. Moreover, SGN-B7H4V in combination with an anti-PD1 agent led to improved antitumor activity and elicited durable immune memory. Altogether, these nonclinical data further support the evaluation of SGN-B7H4V as a monotherapy in the ongoing Phase 1 Study of SGN-B7H4V in Advanced Solid Tumors ( NCT05194072 ) and potential future clinical combinations with immunotherapies.

P1, N=451, Recruiting, Exelixis | N=199 --> 451

Moreover, we reviewed the effectiveness of candidate drugs targeting hypercoagulation, such as tissue factor- or interleukin-6-targeting drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypoxia signaling drugs, anticoagulants, and combined immunotherapy with these drugs for OCCC. This review is expected to contribute to novel basic research and clinical trials for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of OCCC focused on hypercoagulation.

In late 2021, the antibody-drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin was approved for second-line r/m cervical cancer and pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy ± bevacizumab was approved for first-line r/m disease based on results from KEYNOTE-826. As immunotherapy has the opportunity to establish new standards of care in the treatment of cervical cancers, new biomarkers to identify the ideal patient populations for these therapies may also become important. However, issues with access, affordability, and compliance in low- and middle-income countries are anticipated.

This vedotin drug linker system has been clinically validated by multiple ADC programs, including brentuximab vedotin, enfortumab vedotin, tisotumab vedotin, and polatuzumab vedotin. Finally, SGN-B7H4V drove robust, curative activity in an immunocompetent tumor model as a monotherapy and paired well with an anti-PD1 agent. Altogether, these data support the evaluation of SGN-B7H4V as a monotherapy in a first-in-human phase 1 clinical study and potential future clinical combinations with immunotherapies.

P2, N=532, Recruiting, Seagen Inc. | N=392 --> 532 | Trial completion date: Apr 2024 --> Dec 2024 | Trial primary completion date: May 2022 --> Nov 2023

Consider the FDA approval of pembrolizumab in combination with lenvatinib for patients with advanced endometrial cancer that is not MSI high or mismatch repair deficient who have experienced disease progression after systemic therapy, in order to optimally integrate this novel regimen into clinical management algorithms...Recognize the incidence of tissue factor expression in patients with cervical and other gynecologic cancers, and consider emerging pivotal research findings with and the potential role of tisotumab vedotin in therapy for recurrent cervical cancer. Design and implement a plan of care to recognize and manage side effects and toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of endometrial and cervical cancer in order to support quality of life and continuation of therapy. Recall the design of ongoing clinical trials evaluating novel agents and strategies for patients with gynecologic cancers, and counsel appropriate individuals about availability and participation.

Funding: Genmab A/S and Seattle Genetics, Inc. Clinical trial identification: NCT03657043.