HRNR (Hornerin)

The most frequently mutated gene is NOTCH1. Extensive fusion gene, expression and molecular cluster analyses provide a molecular portrait of this rare and enigmatic tumour type.

Summarizing, we described numerous potential therapeutic targets, suggesting patients with MDM2-amplified tumors could potentially benefit from, exemplary, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors or tryptophan metabolism inhibitors in new combinational treatment regimens. Future mechanistic studies are needed to validate these findings.

Hornerin (HRNR) is linked to poor prognosis in various cancers, but its role in ovarian cancer has been underexplored. Our study shows that HRNR expression is significantly higher in clear cell and mucinous ovarian carcinomas compared to high-grade serous carcinomas, correlating with shorter survival. Elevated HRNR levels in late-stage patients suggest its potential as a prognostic marker. We also identified harmful genetic variants in HRNR, including a novel translocation, which may affect disease progression. Targeting HRNR could enhance chemotherapy effectiveness, particularly for patients with HRNR genetic variants, positioning it as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

In summary, on the basis of expression levels of NRGs, a new prognostic model was established. NHLRC3, PTPRJ, RTEL1, ST6GALNAC2, HRNR, HP, and MCEMP1 were valid candidate biomarkers that may help personalize prognostic predictions and serve as references for clinical studies.

The abnormally activated mTORC1-p70S6K signaling increases the stemness of HCC cells and upregulates PD-L1 expression, which may attenuate anti-PD-L1 therapy efficacy via PD-L1+ exosomes. Our study revealed the mechanism by which Circ-CDYL and HRNR regulate the sensitivity of HCC to anti-PD-L1 therapy, and the findings have potential implications for patient stratification and clinical decision-making in HCC immunotherapy.

TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-22 have different effects on FLG2 and HRNR expression and epidermal structure formation. Furthermore, FLG2 and HRNR may play different roles in barrier formation and the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

In conclusion, our findings reveal that circIPP2A2, regulated by N7-methylguanosine modification, promotes malignant behaviors in HCC by serving as a molecular scaffold in modulating the Hornerin/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β axis. Targeting circIPP2A2 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC.

In patients with pStage II/III GC after curative gastrectomy, HRNR expression in GC tissue may be a useful prognostic marker.

In combination with the PI-RADS score, the biomarkers improve the detection of prostate carcinoma-free men (AUC = 0.89) and of those with clinically significant PCa (AUC = 0.93). We have uncovered the potential of urinary biomarkers for a test that allows a more stringent prioritization of mpMRI use and improves the decision criteria for prostate biopsy, minimizing patient burden by decreasing the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies.

APC, SMAD4 and TCF7L2 accounted for the major genetic abnormalities in this pathway. In conclusion, this study identified the unique characteristics of gene mutations in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer, and is a valuable reference for personalized treatment in Chinese CRC patients.

I propose that persistent infection with a toxigenic C. simulans initiates psoriasis, which is exacerbated as an autoimmune disease by CIDAMPs as autoantigens. The discovery of natural BsAbs allows the identification of antigen epitopes from microbes, viruses, autoantigens and tumour-antigens, and may help to develop epitope-specific peptide-vaccines and therapeutic approaches with antigen-specific regulatory T cells to improve immune tolerance in an autoimmune disease-specific-manner.

Our bioinformatics analysis identified KCNJ18, GPRIN2, TEKT4, HRNR, FOLR3, ESSRA, CTBP2, MPRIP, TBP, and FBXO6 may contribute to progression in NSCLC and could be used as new biomarkers for the treatment. The mechanism by which GPRIN2, KCNJ12, and TEKT4 contribute to tumorigenesis is unclear, but our results suggest they may play an important role in NSCLC and it is worth investigating in future.