FGF2 elevation

A complex but precise balance was found among Endocan, FGF2, and PDGF in pituitary tumorigenesis. High Endocan and FGF2 and low PDGF expression levels in invasive PitNETs show Endocan and FGF2 could be novel treatment targets in invasive PitNET.

Moreover, lenvatinib, an FDA recently approved multi-kinase inhibitor targeting both VEGFR2 and FGFR1, effectively inhibits the tumor vasculature, and exhibited robust anti-tumor effects in NPC-bearing nude mice and humanized mice compared with an agent equivalent to bevacizumab. These findings provide mechanistic insights on FGF-2 signaling in the modulation of VEGF pathway activation in the NPC microenvironment and propose an effective NPC-targeted therapy by using a clinically available drug.