CXCL12 elevation

Collectively, these findings suggest that SPI1 is involved in modulating TAM recruitment, representing a new mechanism through which it may influence tumor growth. This may be partly mediated by regulating CXCL12 expression.

However, preliminary data suggest that the effects on differentiation cannot be rescued by addition of plerixafor. ConclusionAlthough differentiation in response to cytarabine has been confirmed in several AML cell lines, the effect is rarely seen in patients treated with LDAC. Results of our study show that the presence of stroma inhibits LDAC-induced differentiation, which suggest that the impact of BM microenvironment on AML may be one of the reasons for the modest and/or rare differentiation effects observed in patients.

In the AAML1031 phase 3 trial pediatric patients with de novo AML were randomized to receive standard chemotherapy (Arm A) or standard chemotherapy with bortezomib (Arm B), excepting patients with high allelic ratio FLT3-ITD who received standard chemotherapy plus sorafenib (Arm C). These data demonstrate that CXCR4 expression is associated with individual HR markers (RAM phenotype and HR KMT2A fusions), but not risk status across the entire study. Despite similar risk status, patients in the top quartile of CXCR4 expression had inferior outcomes. These patients had higher BM blast counts but lower PB blast counts, which has been observed in RAM phenotype, likely due to the impact of CXCR4 on bone marrow retention of leukemia cells.

Using the OHD, we show that the CXCL4-CXCL12 chemokine heterodimer inhibits the CXCL12-driven migration of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We also show that the CXCL4-CXCL12 chemokine heterodimer binds and activates the CXCR4 receptor.

To this end, we investigated the autocrine effects of CXCL12 on fibroblast contractility and determined that antagonistic blocking of CXCL12 did not have a substantial effect on ECM contraction. Our findings indicate that fibroblast-secreted CXCL12 has a significant role in promoting a leakier endothelium hospitable to angiogenesis and tumor cell intravasation; however, autocrine CXCL12 is not the primary upstream trigger of CAF contractility.

Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody drugs, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are regarded as first-line therapies for advanced malignant melanoma. The patients with lower than average levels of CCL5 and CXCL12 had a large number of TILs (P = 0.04) and good disease-specific survival rate (P = 0.04). Therefore, CCL5 and CXCL12 could likely be used as biomarkers to predict the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) therapy.

Our data suggest that regarding overall survival, CXCL12 could be considered a valuable prognostic marker.

High CXCR7 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with EAC, and high expression of CXCR7 with its ligand CXCL12 had a stronger association with prognosis. Further study of this potential biomarker using whole tissue samples and a larger sample size is warranted.

Furthermore, AMD3100, a specific CXCR4 inhibitor, significantly suppressed HOXB5-mediated CRC metastasis. HOXB5 expression was positively correlated with CXCR4 and ITGB3 expression in human CRC tissues, and patients with positive co-expression of HOXB5/CXCR4, or HOXB5/ITGB3 exhibited the worst prognosis. Our study implicates HOXB5 as a prognostic biomarker in CRC, and defines a CXCL12-HOXB5-CXCR4 positive feedback loop that plays an important role in promoting CRC metastasis.