CRY1, Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator 1,

We emphasize the associations between circadian disruption and CRC-including diagnostic markers, prognostic assessment, and chemosensitivity-and provide an in-depth discussion of chronotherapeutic strategies and their translational potential. Finally, we identify unaddressed scientific questions and propose future research directions to facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies for CRC.

Recent findings demonstrate that time-of-day-dependent administration of vaccines and immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors, can significantly influence clinical efficacy and immune outcomes. Understanding the temporal orchestration of adaptive immunity thus holds translational potential for optimizing therapeutic strategies, including chronotherapy and vaccination scheduling.

Alterations in the protein expression levels of circadian clock genes may contribute to the development and behavior of PAs.

Additionally, such regulation requires DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of CRY1. Finally, this circadian regulation impacts cancer progression and response to radiation therapy of specific tumours.

Methylation analysis identified six CpG sites significantly associated with survival. In conclusion, EZH2 is a key regulator of HCC progression and potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

In contrast, preserving complex I function maintained adipogenic and metabolic gene networks and protected against diet- and circadian-induced metabolic dysfunction independently of weight gain. These findings reveal that circadian disruption impairs metabolic health through mitochondrial complex I dysfunction, establishing clock control of complex I as a key regulator of transcriptional and metabolic homeostasis.

These data indicate that circadian synchronization improves interpretability of BMAT-MSC molecular outputs and reveals disease-associated differences among HD, FA, and AML. This study is a preliminary investigation with limited sampling and timepoints; findings should be validated in larger cohorts with denser temporal resolution. Overall, the results provide a framework for integrating circadian context into BMAT-MSC analyses in health and hematological disease.

Finally, we found Cry1 depletion downregulated pro-apoptotic BAX and upregulated anti-apoptotic BCL2, while Cry1 overexpression produced the opposite effects, suggesting its role in apoptosis via the BCL2/BAX-mediated apoptosis pathway. These findings indicate that Cry1 acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC, providing insights into the circadian dysfunction-cancer pathogenesis connection and its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target requires further verification through preclinical and clinical investigations in the future.

However, further research is essential to clarify the underlying mechanisms and enable clinical application. By integrating foundational studies with clinical evidence, the present review provides a framework for chrono‑precision medicine in hepatology, while identifying current challenges and proposing strategies to accelerate the development and clinical implementation of circadian rhythm‑based therapies for liver disease.

This review summarizes the roles of CRY in chronic diseases and introduces therapeutic approaches using CRY-targeting compounds. A deeper understanding of the pathology of chronic diseases and the effects of CRY-targeting compounds may lead to new circadian clock-based strategies for clinical advances.

miRNA signaling differs between the L and D phases of the LD cycle. miR-150-5p, targeting myb, bcl2, and cry1, can influence CRC progression in a phase-dependent manner.

Biochemical and structural studies have highlighted the essential roles of protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and posttranslational modifications in regulating the molecular clock. In this Review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that govern the circadian clock and focus on the coordination of protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications, underscoring the importance of the circadian clock in disease progression and treatment strategies.