CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)

SMJN in current practice remains predominantly metastatic adenocarcinoma, most often gastrointestinal or gynecologic in origin. However, rare entities-including mesothelioma, melanoma, and lymphoma-underscore the need for a broad diagnostic differential. Fine-needle aspiration offers a rapid, minimally invasive diagnostic bridge and reinforces that the umbilicus remains a valuable clinical marker of an often occult malignancy.

This study highlights the potential application of taurine as a therapeutic agent for treating GIM, offering a promising strategy for its clinical management.

HPV-associated anorectal adenomas are a distinct and rare entity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinicopathological report of well-documented high-risk-HPV-associated anorectal adenomas. Increased awareness of this entity among pathologists will enable larger scale studies to further understand the pathogenesis of HPV-associated anorectal adenocarcinoma.

The patient was started on capecitabine and oxaliplatin in addition to trastuzumab with subsequent clinical and radiological improvement. Unresectable, metastatic HER2 positive conventional adenocarcinoma is being managed using platinum-fluoropyrimidine doublet therapy with anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. This case report calls for aggressive IHC staining for prompt diagnosis where necessary as well as proper guidelines for management.

It also restored hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression, thereby modulating appetite and energy balance, reducing food intake, and increasing GLP-1 responsiveness, contributing to improved glycemic homeostasis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DFPG-8 may exert hypoglycemic effects by regulating the cAMP/PKA/Epac/GCG/GLP-1/GLP-1R signaling pathway, thereby improving glucose and lipid metabolism as well as appetite regulation, and support its potential development as a functional dietary supplement for the adjunctive management of T2DM.

Particularly, we found overexpression of GLUT1, FLIP and downregulation of BAX, BAK, MLKL and CDX2 proteins in the cancer stem cell of early recurrence samples.We built a neural network based on the cancer stem cell protein signature (BAX, MLKL, FLIP, GLUT1 and CDX2 proteins) that delivers a high-performance prognostic classifier.How this study might affect research, practice or policy: Our results propose a clinically promising prognostic tool based on a five-protein stem cell signature that outperforms existing clinical and proposed transcriptomic based signatures for separation between risk groups.Moreover, our five-protein signature markers not only predict stem cell chemotherapy resistance and therefore tumour recurrence but also suggest potential therapeutic strategies. For instance, this approach could guide combinatorial treatments at high risk of chemoresistance, such as incorporating small molecule inhibitors targeting FLIP (currently in discovery phase) and GLUT1 (already under preclinical trial evaluation).

This case underscores the importance of considering gastrointestinal metastasis in breast cancer patients with bowel symptoms, even years after initial treatment. We also review the literature regarding the literature on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer rectal metastasis.

These data provide an expanded understanding of the molecular underpinnings of EMCG-including the first description of a SMARCA4 frameshift variant in this entity-and demonstrate that while gastrointestinal marker immunoexpression is relatively common among endometrial carcinomas, strictly defined EMCG remains rare (<1%). As awareness of this entity grows, pathologists should take care not to over-interpret gastrointestinal marker expression as stand-alone evidence of an EMCG diagnosis.

We emphasize 2 practical considerations: the limited sensitivity and specificity of CDX2 in excluding gastrointestinal primaries, and the importance of correlating morphology with mucin stains and a focused immunohistochemical panel to avoid overdiagnosis. We further note that mucinous syringometaplasia is likely a reactive/metaplastic phenomenon related to local irritation or trauma, and encourage standardized diagnostic criteria and multicenter registries to improve understanding of its incidence, behavior, and diagnostic pitfalls.

Despite peritoneal carcinomatosis, the patient responded to cisplatin/gemcitabine chemotherapy and immunotherapy, demonstrating tumor shrinkage on follow-up imaging. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of SRCC due to its nonspecific symptoms and potential histological overlap with other metastatic gastrointestinal tumors. Early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach are critical for improving patient outcomes.

Our findings demonstrate that ELOVL3 correlates with cancer cell stemness and angiogenic potential, thereby identifying it as a promising therapeutic target. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the downstream molecular pathways that mediate these functional effects.