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BIOMARKER:

CDX-2 expression

i
Other names: CDX-3/AS, CDX3, CDX2, Caudal type homeobox 2
Entrez ID:
Related biomarkers:
3d
Combined Use of Helicobacter pylori Genotyping and CDX2 Expression as a Predictor of Malignant Potential in Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. (PubMed, Ann Clin Lab Sci)
These GIM subtypes (cagA+ vacAs1m1 H. pylori-positive GIM with negative CDX2 expression) resemble GC and should be evaluated similar to cancerous GIM.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • VCAM1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1)
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CDX-2 expression
7d
Expression of Caudal-Type Homologous Transcription Factor-2 (CDX2) in Duodenal Carcinoma and its Relationship with Prognosis. (PubMed, Altern Ther Health Med)
CDX2 may play an important role as an tumor suppressor gene in the development of duodenal cancer. CDX2 can be used as an important factor for evaluating the prognosis of patients with duodenal cancer, and it has the potential to be a target for duodenal cancer therapy.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
24d
Loss of CDX2 and high COX2 (PTGS2) expression in metastatic colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Ecancermedicalscience)
In unadjusted analyses, median OS (p < 0.001) and median PFS (p < 0.05) were inferior for patients with CDX2-negative versus CDX2-positive tumours. In conclusion, loss of CDX2 was significantly associated with poorly differentiated mCRC and BRAF p.V600E allele and a prognostic marker of worse OS.
Journal • Metastases
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BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • PTGS2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • MT-CO2 (Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase II) • PACERR (PTGS2 Antisense NFKB1 Complex-Mediated Expression Regulator RNA)
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BRAF V600E • BRAF V600 • PTGS2 expression • CDX-2 expression
2ms
CEACAM5 and TROP2 define metaplastic and dysplastic transitions in human antral gastric precancerous lesions and tumors. (PubMed, Gastric Cancer)
These findings support the concept that incomplete IM is more likely associated with GC development. Overall, our study provides evidence of the heterogeneity of gastric IM and the distinct expression profiles of CEACAM5 and TROP2 in dysplastic incomplete IM. Our findings support the potential use of CEACAM5 and TROP2 as molecular markers for identifying individuals with a higher risk of GC development in the context of incomplete IM.
Journal
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CEACAM5 (CEA Cell Adhesion Molecule 5) • SOX2 • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • TACSTD2 (Tumor Associated Calcium Signal Transducer 2)
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TROP2 expression • CEACAM5 expression • CDX-2 expression
3ms
Clinical impact of ampulla of Vater cancer subtype classification based on immunohistochemical staining. (PubMed, World J Surg Oncol)
Classification using CDX2 revealed subtypes with distinct prognostic significance. Combining CK7 and CDX2 or adding CDX2 to CK7/CK20 is useful for distinguishing subtypes, predicting disease outcomes, and impacting the clinical management of patients with AoV cancer.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
3ms
Primary adenocarcinoma of colon: A clinicopathological study with the prevalence and correlation of CDX2 biomarker expression - A tertiary care center experience. (PubMed, Indian J Cancer)
CDX2-negative tumors are often associated with several adverse prognostic variables (e.g., advanced stage, poor differentiation, and metastasis). Thus, sub-classification of colon cancer based on the CDX2 biomarker aids to separate them into prognostically relevant categories.
Journal
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
4ms
The prognostic potential of CDX2 in colorectal cancer: Harmonizing biology and clinical practice. (PubMed, Cancer Treat Rev)
Furthermore, we review the clinical significance of CDX2 assessment, with a particular focus on its current use as a biomarker for pathological evaluation and clinical decision-making. Finally, we attempt to clarify the molecular implications of CDX2 deficiency, ultimately providing insights for a more precise evaluation of CDX2 protein expression.
Review • Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
4ms
Genetic and immune landscape evolution in MMR-deficient colorectal cancer. (PubMed, J Pathol)
© 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Journal • Tumor mutational burden • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
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PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden) • CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • IFNG (Interferon, gamma) • TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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PD-L1 expression • TMB-H • MSI-H/dMMR • CDX-2 expression
6ms
Examining differential tumor physiology in primary tumor and metastatic sides in pancreatic cancer (DGHO 2023)
By establishing organoids from differential tumor sites within the metastatic stage of PDAC, a predictive platform for personalized therapy is being developed. The aim: individualized therapy decisions. The results of this study can have important implications for the treatment of PDAC and may lead to improved patient outcomes.
Metastases
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
6ms
Association of CDX2 and mucin expression with chemotherapeutic benefits in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. (PubMed, Cancer Med)
Negative expression of CDX2 is an independent risk factor for survival in stage II/III GC, but subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy is able to compensate for this unfavorable effect. Therefore, active chemotherapy is more urgent for patients with negative CDX2 expression than for patients with positive CDX2 expression.
Journal
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MME (Membrane Metalloendopeptidase) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • MUC2 (Mucin 2) • MUC5AC (Mucin 5AC) • MUC6 (Mucin 6)
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CDX-2 expression • MUC5AC expression
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5-fluorouracil
7ms
CDX2 Expression and Gastric Cancer Prognosis: A Meta-Analysis (CAP 2023)
Our meta-analysis found that CDX2 positivity is associated with a favorable prognosis of gastric cancer. Future studies are needed to identify other associated factors with good survival in gastric cancer to improve mortality. Summary of Included Studies
Retrospective data
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
7ms
Germ Cell Tumors With “Glandular” Architecture and Extensive CDX2 Expression Involving the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Unexpected but Clinically Significant Mimic of Primary Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma (CAP 2023)
Although GCTs may involve the GI tract and CDX2 expression has been described in primary GCTs, to the best of our knowledge this is the first pathologic reporting in the English-language literature of extensive CDX2 expression in GCTs that clinicopathologically mimic PGA. Pathologists should be aware of this potential mimic.
Clinical
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
8ms
Loss of SATB2 and CDX2 expression is associated with DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency and BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Med Mol Morphol)
In conclusion, the lack of SATB2 and CDX2 expression in CRC was associated with MMR protein deficiency and BRAF mutation, but not with KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA mutation. SATB2 and CDX2 are prognostic biomarkers in patients with CRC.
Journal • Mismatch repair
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • PIK3CA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • SATB2 (SATB Homeobox 2)
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KRAS mutation • BRAF mutation • NRAS mutation • PIK3CA mutation • BRAF wild-type • PIK3CA expression • CDX-2 expression
8ms
Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCoA6) promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in pancreatic cancer. (PubMed, Cancer Med)
NCoA6 has a profound effect on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and prognosis of PDAC and is potentially related to the expression of HDAC1, FBW7, and CDX2. Our results may provide novel therapeutic strategies for PDAC patients.
Journal
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FBXW7 (F-Box And WD Repeat Domain Containing 7) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • HDAC1 (Histone Deacetylase 1)
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CDX-2 expression
8ms
CDX2 Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. (PubMed, Anticancer Res)
CDX2 expression might be a possible prognostic biomarker for unresectable mCRC.
Journal • Metastases
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
8ms
Hungatella hathewayi impairs the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU through decreasing CDX2 expression. (PubMed, Hum Cell)
Herein, we explored H. hathewayi role in regulating the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance in CRC cells, and investigated the underlying mechanisms...In conclusion, H. hathewayi abundance was increased in CRC tissues, and the high level of H. hathewayi was linked to lower overall survival rate. In mechanisam, H. hathewayi treatment enhanced the 5-FU resistance of CRC cells through modulating CDX2/β-catenin signaling.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
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5-fluorouracil
9ms
High-fat diet plus HNF1A variant promotes polyps by activating β-catenin in early onset colorectal cancer. (PubMed, JCI Insight)
We further demonstrated decreased occupancy of HNF1AA98V at the Cdx2 locus and reduced Cdx2 promoter activity compared to wildtype HNF1A. Collectively, our study shows that the HNF1AA98V variant plus HFD promotes the formation of colonic polyps by activating β-catenin via decreasing Cdx2 expression.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • HNF1A (HNF1 Homeobox A)
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CDX-2 expression
9ms
Resveratrol induces the growth inhibition of CDX-deficient gastric cancer cells using CDX2 and RUNX3 via the β-catenin/TCF4 signaling pathway. (PubMed, Transl Oncol)
Upon treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CDX2-overexpressing MKN7 and TMK1 cells were enhanced. Our results indicate that Res inhibits the growth of MKN7 and TMK1 cells by increasing RUNX3 and CDX2 expression levels, with the potential involvement of the β-catenin/TCF-4 signaling pathway.
Journal • IO biomarker
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BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) • TCF3 (Transcription Factor 3) • BAX (BCL2-associated X protein) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • RUNX3 (RUNX Family Transcription Factor 3) • TCF4 (Transcription Factor 4)
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BAX expression • CDX-2 expression • CDX-2 overexpression
9ms
The Prognostic Role of Mismatch Repair Status and CDX-2 Expression with Inflammatory Markers and Pathological Risk Factors in Stage II and III Colon Cancer: Multicenter Real-Life Data. (PubMed, J Gastrointest Cancer)
CDX-2 loss was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and disease recurrence in early-stage colon cancer. MSS patients with CDX-2 loss had significantly worse survival outcomes, and this might be the reason for deciding on adjuvant chemotherapy.
Journal • Mismatch repair • MSi-H Biomarker
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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MSI-H/dMMR • CDX-2 expression
9ms
Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric intestinal metaplasia through activation of IRF3-mediated kynurenine pathway. (PubMed, Cell Commun Signal)
These finding suggested H. pylori contributed to gastric intestinal metaplasia through KAT2-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism via cGAS-IRF3 signaling, targeting the kynurenine pathway could be a promising strategy to prevent gastric intestinal metaplasia caused by H. pylori infection. Video Abstract.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • MUC2 (Mucin 2)
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CDX-2 expression
9ms
Potential predictors for CDX2 expression loss and mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Pathol Oncol Res)
We also managed to produce a regression model for CDX2 expression and showed that poor tumor differentiation and MLH1/PMS2 heterodimer deficiency are independent factors for CDX2 expression loss. We were the first to include CDX2 expression in a regression model for dMMR and showed that CDX2 expression loss can be used as a predictive factor for dMMR, which should be confirmed by further studies.
Retrospective data • Journal • Mismatch repair
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MLH1 (MutL homolog 1) • MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) • MSH2 (MutS Homolog 2) • PMS2 (PMS1 protein homolog 2) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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MSI-H/dMMR • CDX-2 expression • MSH6 expression
10ms
Multiomic analysis of CDX2 loss in colorectal tumors unveils the clinical value of a refined CDX2-based risk scoring and provides new insights on the therapeutic benefit of epigenetic switching. (EACR 2023)
UC- and CDX2- showed higher resistance to FOLFOX chemotherapy versus CDX2+ PDOs. Notably, restoring CDX2 expression in CDX2- PDOs by targeting methylation increased sensitivity to FOLFOX in resistant cancer cells.ConclusionMultiomic analysis of CDX2 expression loss in CRC provides relevant insight into cancer progression pathways triggered by CDX2, resulting in the development of a refined risk score based on CDX2 methylation and the discovery of novel therapeutic opportunities via epigenetic switching.
Clinical • Omic analysis
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HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) • NSD1 (Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain Protein 1) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • EPHB2 (EPH Receptor B2)
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CDX-2 expression
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5-fluorouracil • leucovorin calcium
10ms
CDX2-positive Cancer of Unknown Primary With Upper-body Paralysis Was Dramatically Improved by Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy. (PubMed, Anticancer Res)
The presented case could not be diagnosed as CRC unless CDX2 was examined. Upper body paralysis due to CRC bone metastasis was improved by chemotherapy.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
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Erbitux (cetuximab)
12ms
Immunohistochemical Expression of CDX2 in Metastatic Prostatic Adenocarcinoma to the Skin (AFMR-SER 2023)
This case highlights the rare occurrence of CDX2 expression in metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, specifically to the skin. Awareness of this case will aid in the prevention of misdiagnosis of metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma due to CDX2 expression during the histologic evaluation of metastasis of unknown primary origin where metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma could be the possible diagnosis.
Metastases
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NCAM1 (Neural cell adhesion molecule 1) • NKX2-1 (NK2 Homeobox 1) • SOX10 (SRY-Box 10) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • PAX8 (Paired box 8) • SYP (Synaptophysin) • NKX3-1 (NK3 homeobox 1)
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CDX-2 expression
1year
Occult Adenocarcinoma Stage 4 With Liver, Lung, and Ovarian Metastasis in a 56 Year-old Female (ATS 2023)
Patient received Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine with Bevacizumab. Occult primary tumors is a heterogenous group of cancers that is difficult to diagnose during pretreatment evaluation despite thorough history, physical examination and different diagnostic imaging modalities. Although rare, this elusive type of cancer should always be considered and well investigated in metastatic carcinomas with no evident primary origin. Immunohistochemical staining plays a vital role in diagnosis of this disease thus also with proper identification and biopsy of metastasis.
Metastases
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NKX2-1 (NK2 Homeobox 1) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • KRT19 (Keratin 19) • GATA3 (GATA binding protein 3) • KRT20 (Keratin 20)
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CDX-2 expression
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Avastin (bevacizumab) • capecitabine • oxaliplatin
1year
CDX-2 expression correlates with clinical outcomes in MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. (PubMed, Sci Rep)
Twelve patients received 1st-line pembrolizumab (11 CDX-2 positive and 1 CDX-2 negative) not reaching median PFS, while two patients (1 CDX-2 positive and 1 CDX-2 negative) received 3rd-line pembrolizumab reaching a median PFS of 10.8 months (95% CI, 10.8-12.1; p = 0.036). Although our study reports results on a small population, the prognostic role of CDX-2 in CRC seems confirmed and could drive a promising predictive role in defining the population more sensitive to immunotherapy treatment. Modulating the CDX-2/CXCL14 axis in CDX-2-negative patients could help overcome primary resistance to immunotherapy.
Clinical data • Retrospective data • Journal • Checkpoint inhibition • MSi-H Biomarker • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker • Metastases
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MSI (Microsatellite instability) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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MSI-H/dMMR • CDX-2 expression
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Keytruda (pembrolizumab)
1year
Molecular and Clinicopathologic Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinomas With Aberrant CDX2, SATB2, CK20 and CK19 Expression (USCAP 2023)
This study provides the first contemporary analysis of molecular features of HCC with aberrant CDX2, SATB2, CK20 and CK19 expression. The findings may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression, as well as the implications for HCC pathology diagnosis and molecular subtype stratification.
Clinical • Tumor mutational burden
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KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • PIK3CA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha) • TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden) • FGFR2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) • IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • IDH2 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2) • ARID1A (AT-rich interaction domain 1A) • TERT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) • BAP1 (BRCA1 Associated Protein 1) • SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4) • CTNNB1 (Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1) • ARID2 (AT-Rich Interaction Domain 2) • GATA6 (GATA Binding Protein 6) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • KRT19 (Keratin 19) • SATB2 (SATB Homeobox 2)
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TP53 mutation • PIK3CA mutation • ARID1A mutation • TMB-L • TERT mutation • CDX-2 expression
over1year
Pattern of expression of CDX2 in colorectal cancer and its role in prognosis. (PubMed, J Cancer Res Ther)
With a median follow-up of 16 months, progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years was 30% for CDX2-negative patients compared to 67% for CDX2-positive patients (P = 0.009), whereas the overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 46% for CDX2-negative versus 77% for CDX2-positive patients (P = 0.01). Loss of CDX2 expression is associated with advanced stage, higher tumor grade, presence of LVSI, worse PFS, and OS and thereby functions as a poor prognostic factor in CRC.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
over1year
Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of RANKL: a case of disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow as the first presentation of relapse in curatively resected colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Med Mol Morphol)
Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed high expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in tumor cells, including budding cells of CRC and BM tissues. Thus, RANKL expression, which is known to indicate metastatic behavior of cancer cells, may play a critical role in promoting osteoclast formation, which has been associated with the pathogenesis of BM lesions.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • TNFSF11 (TNF Superfamily Member 11)
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CDX-2 expression
over1year
Further prognostic stratification of intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma by CDX2 expression pattern. (PubMed, Hum Pathol)
In addition, CDX2 expression was associated with specific molecular features like HER2 overexpression and genetic alterations of receptor tyrosine kinase (TRK) genes including EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, DDR2, and MET. In conclusion, according to the CDX2 expression pattern, intestinal type of gastric cancer could be further divided into two subgroups which have different histopathological and molecular features and different prognosis.
Journal
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EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) • HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • ERBB3 (V-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • DDR2 (Discoidin domain receptor 2)
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HER-2 overexpression • CDX-2 expression
over1year
CDX2 as a Predictive Biomarker Involved in Immunotherapy Response Suppresses Metastasis through EMT in Colorectal Cancer. (PubMed, Dis Markers)
These results indicated CDX2 as prognostic biomarkers involved in immunotherapy response for CRC. CDX2 loss promotes metastasis in CRC through a CDX2-dependent mechanism.
Journal • IO biomarker
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CDH1 (Cadherin 1) • MMP2 (Matrix metallopeptidase 2) • CDH2 (Cadherin 2) • CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • CA 19-9 (Cancer antigen 19-9)
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CDH1 expression • CDX-2 expression
over1year
Predictive and prognostic impact of the different features of tumor budding in stage II colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Neoplasma)
Based on these results, we suggest that in addition to tumor-budding quantity, other tumor budding features play important biological roles in the development of colorectal cancer. Our findings provide prognostic information that could help with guiding clinical management and oncology care models for patients with stage II colorectal cancer.
Retrospective data • Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
|
CDX-2 expression
over1year
Defining A Liquid Biopsy Profile of Circulating Tumor Cells and Oncosomes in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer for Clinical Utility. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel))
Rare-event enumerations at a single timepoint and the variation of these events over time correlated with progression-free survival. This study supports the clinical utility of an unbiased approach to interrogating the liquid biopsy in mCRC, representing the heterogeneity within the CTC classification and warranting the further molecular characterization of the rare-event analytes with clinical promise.
Journal • Circulating Tumor Cells • Liquid biopsy
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression
over1year
Preclinical • Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2) • ZEB1 (Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 1) • MIR499A (MicroRNA 499a)
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CDX-2 expression • ZEB1 expression
over1year
Predicting lymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with early stage colorectal cancer. (PubMed, Front Med (Lausanne))
Postoperative chemotherapy can be better for high-risk patients with pT1 CRC. We showed that TB features besides TBC play important roles in CRC pathogenesis, and our study provides prognostic information to guide the clinical management of patients with early stage CRC.
Journal
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CDX2 (Caudal Type Homeobox 2)
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CDX-2 expression