CD44 underexpression

EV surface expressions correlated with cytokine levels in pre-interventional HCC patients showed a CD4+ TH1 response, associated with CD44 expression. *Clinical Relevance/Application: EV surface expressions can be used as a prognostic parameter in MWA of HCC.

These results reveal a previously unappreciated indispensable role of PPARβ/δ in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and protecting CD8+ tumor infiltrating T cells from developing an exhaustion immunological and functional phenotype. Our findings suggest that pharmacologic PPARβ/δ-specific agonists might prevent tumor-mediated exhaustion and support anti-tumor function of CD8+ T effector cells.

Overall, a CD4+ TH1 response, associated with CD44 expression was observed in pre- interventional HCC patients. Regarding the postinterventional phase, the underlying results suggest an activation of Treg cells in HCC and TH2 cells in NHCC patients.

Our results suggest that CD44 is a positive regulator of PD-L1 in BLCA and may be a key regulator of tumor macrophages infiltration and may be involved in M2 macrophage polarization. Our study provided new insights into the prognosis and immunotherapy of BLCA patients through macrophage infiltration and immune checkpoints.

CD44 markedly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and contributed to the earlier progression of disease, thus suggesting its role as a novel prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for mCRC patients.

CD44 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and is an independent prognostic factor associated with immune invasion, which can be used as a candidate prognostic biomarker to determine the prognosis associated with gastric immune invasion.