CD28 (CD28 Molecule)

Importantly, these antibodies induced activation signals into Jurkat NFAT-GFP reporter cells expressing TARM1-CD28-4-1BB-CD3ζ chimera, indicating agonistic activity. These mAbs provide valuable tools for dissecting TARM1-mediated function and represent a potential approach for therapeutic strategies in inflammatory diseases and cancer.

The expression of CD28 and PD-1 on T cells can serve as potential biomarkers for assessing tumor progression, chemotherapy response and prognosis in advanced BC. BC patients with low PD-1 expression or PD-1 blockade exhibit increased induction of memory T cells during the anti-tumor immune response.

Importantly, greater expansion seen with the CD28-containing ζ did not result in any reduction of effector function as assessed by peptide-specific cytotoxicity and cytokine production. The data indicate that modification of the CD3ζ chain with a CD28 signal motif provides an opportunity to improve antigen-specific expansion and effector function of TCR-engineered T cells by combining signal 1 and co-stimulatory signal 2 in one molecular TCR-CD3 complex.

In Jurkat xenograft models, SAp-CD28 demonstrated potent antitumor activity, and its combination with cytarabine resulted in near-complete tumor suppression, highlighting its potential for T-ALL treatment. This work introduces a CD28-targeted, enzyme-activated nanotherapeutic strategy that synergizes biochemical and mechanical mechanisms to selectively eliminate T-ALL cells. This multi-mechanistic tumor-killing strategy can also be extended to inspire therapeutic approaches for other diseases.

Adoptive transfer of CTLs from either B6 or CD28ko mice into MmuPV1-infected Rag1ko mice induced viral clearance at mucosal (oral) sites, whereas B6-derived CTLs achieved more complete regression of cutaneous (tail) lesions. Collectively, these findings indicate that CD28 deficiency delays but does not prevent the clearance of papillomavirus infections at both cutaneous and mucosal sites in mice.

Despite the original assumption of PD-1 as a programmed death-inducing protein, our research reveals that homeostatic expression of PD-1 in clonally expanding T cells confers RICD resistance that promotes T cell survival and persistence. These findings present significant implications for understanding how blocking or engaging the PD-L1:PD-1 signaling axis may influence apoptosis sensitivity in both normal and exhausted T cells to alter adaptive immune responses.

Despite the limitations of an in vitro PBMC-based system, selective VEGFR-1 blockade by D16F7 mAb alleviates VEGF-A-driven immune tolerance while preserving T-cell activation, supporting its translational potential as a complementary immunomodulatory approach.

With additional fluorescent channels and enhanced detection sensitivity offering simultaneous analysis of multiple surface markers and intracellular light chains (κ/λ), nine-color flow cytometry enables more precise identification of abnormal plasma cells in POEMS syndrome based on distinct marker expression profiles. CD27, CD28, and CD117 are recommended as potential immunomarkers for flow cytometric analysis in POEMS syndrome.

The CYTEK NL-CLC flow cytometer is positioned as a reliable and effective platform for immune checkpoint analysis in both clinical and research settings, supporting its integration into cancer immunotherapy workflows and personalized medicine strategies.

CD28 expression on CD39+ CD4+ T cells was positively correlated to lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) risk (OR, 1.0335 [95% CI, 1.009-1.0586]), inversely mediated by IL-16 (95% CI, -0.01 to -0.0003). These findings reveal the associations between immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, and lung cancer risk, providing insights into cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Hypoxia-induced cPLA2α activation upregulated Cox-2-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and exogenous PGE2 treatment further increased SA-β-gal activity. These findings illustrated that cPLA2α-driven lipid metabolism under hypoxia contributes to the T-cell senescence and may represent a therapeutic target to enhance anti-cancer immunity.

High CD40 expression correlated with liver and bile duct, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers, as well as with CD28 and GITR transcripts. Immune marker co-expression in individual patients merits further exploration for the development of CD40-based and other immunotherapy interventions.