BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene)

PD-L1 expression is frequently observed in AM with BRAFV600E mutation, whereas no significant correlation is identified between PD-L1 and the clinicopathological parameters associated with AM. Within the limitation of relatively short follow-up duration, high CD8+T cell infiltration was indicated to be potentially correlated with favorable DFS in AM patients, which needs further verification in cohorts with longer follow-up.

Nanopore sequencing enables rapid, accurate, multidimensional molecular classification of diagnostically intractable CNS tumors using routine FFPE and frozen tissue, achieving high diagnostic resolution in comparison with reference methods while drastically reducing turnaround time and cost, making precision neuropathology feasible beyond quaternary centers.

P3, N=204, Recruiting, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

Postoperative circulating tumor DNA was negative, and the patient was placed on active surveillance; however, neurological symptoms persisted, and immunomodulatory therapy access was initially limited. This case highlights a rare association between anti-Hu-associated myeloneuropathy and early-onset colon cancer and underscores the importance of malignancy evaluation in unexplained sensory neuronopathy.

We describe a patient with radioactive iodine-refractory, metastatic oncocytic thyroid carcinoma with an NBN gene (c.2166_2167delGCinsAT) pathogenic variant, who developed progressive disease despite receiving systemic therapy with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab. A mutual exclusivity analysis demonstrated a tendency for pathogenic variants in one MRN complex genes to co-occur with pathogenic variants in the other two MRN complex genes. In conclusion, the MRN complex pathogenic variants could be potentially oncogenic in TCs and may be linked to aggressive forms of TC.

P1, N=75, Active, not recruiting, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

Understanding its histological features and immunohistochemical profile facilitates its diagnosis and differential diagnosis, including CK20 positivity and Ki-67 negativity in the superficial layer, and high Ki-67 expression with negative CK20 staining in the deep layer. KRAS gene mutation is also an important diagnostic feature.

P1, N=23, Active, not recruiting, Yana Najjar | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

However, in patients with BRAF-mutated melanomas, those who received BRAF inhibitors exhibited improved survival outcomes in advanced disease stages (p = 0.0025). Our study indicates that BRAF-mutated melanoma patients with distant metastases receiving BRAF inhibitors have significantly improved survival compared to those not receiving targeted therapy, supporting the clinical benefit of BRAF inhibitor use in appropriately selected patients.

P1/2, N=77, Suspended, University of California, Davis | Trial completion date: Jan 2030 --> Jan 2034 | Recruiting --> Suspended | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2026 --> Dec 2030

Melanoma arising in a blue nevus represents an aggressive neoplasm, highlighting the importance of early biopsy and multidisciplinary evaluation. The application of immunohistochemistry and molecular profiling in atypical presentations that mimic other neoplasms represents a valuable tool for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning in rare melanoma subtypes.

These findings support the value of routine IHC-based MMR testing in CRC patients. However, confirmatory molecular testing (e.g., MSI analysis, BRAF V600E mutation, MLH1 promoter methylation, or germline sequencing) is necessary to differentiate sporadic from Lynch syndrome-associated dMMR cases and to fully guide Lynch syndrome screening and immunotherapy decisions.