We identify a hitherto unknown metabolic-immune checkpoint: iTA-induced LCA activates macrophage VDR, triggering SOCS3-mediated epigenetic suppression of CXCL16 and evading iNKT surveillance. TUDCA resets this checkpoint by restoring CXCL16 expression and iNKT function. Thus, targeting this axis with TUDCA represents a readily translatable adjunctive strategy to abrogate post-ablation HCC recurrence.

P2, N=146, Recruiting, Jinling Hospital, China

Intestinal FXR and ERS pathways displayed segment-specific modulation by TUDCA, with significant activation in the midgut and hindgut, respectively. Overall, although it lacked significant growth-promoting effects, TUDCA protected against SBM-induced hepatopancreatic lipid accumulation and intestinal inflammation, partially through the modulation of intestinal ERS and FXR signaling pathways.

P=N/A, N=130, Not yet recruiting, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India

Finally, we recommended sKGs-guided two repurposable common candidate drugs (tepotinib and ursodiol) for both diseases by molecular docking, ADME/T analysis and MD simulation studies. Thus, the results of this study could provide useful insights for researchers and medical professionals for improving the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment TNBC with T2D as comorbidity.

P2, N=94, Not yet recruiting, University Hospital, Montpellier | Trial completion date: Aug 2028 --> Aug 2029 | Initiation date: Feb 2026 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2027 --> Sep 2028

Lien exerts anti-HCC effects by promoting autophagy and apoptosis through ROS-mediated inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

P1, N=36, Recruiting, Valenta Pharm JSC

We propose personalized risk stratification integrating demographics, microbial signatures, and metabolic biomarkers. Interventions include gut-restricted FXR agonists, probiotics, and Mediterranean diet. Future directions include prospective validation and dynamic network modeling.

Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of sodium selenite (SS), selenium-enriched yeast (SY), selenomethionine (SM), and nano-selenium (NS) on gut microbiota and their metabolites, intestinal antioxidant capacity, immune response, and gut morphology in broilers, and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms by which Se influences intestinal function in broilers...Supplementation with SY increased ileal concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A by 74.87% and interleukin-10 (IL-10) by 54.90%, enhanced ileal activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) by 123.55% and catalase by 197.20%, and elevated cecal acetate by 35.67% and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by 28.78%, as well as ileal ursodeoxycholic acid concentration by 154.05% (P < 0.05)...In summary, SS and SY improved intestinal antioxidant and immune functions in broilers, whereas SY and NS enhanced cecal SCFAs production. Moreover, Se supplementation modulated the cecal microbial community in broilers.

In vivo, UDCA significantly attenuated the PM-exacerbated SCORAD index, scratching behavior, transepidermal water loss, and serum immunoglobulin E. Furthermore, UDCA reduced epidermal thickness, suppressed eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, and inhibited ERK phosphorylation in skin tissues. These findings indicate that UDCA ameliorates PM-induced skin immune dysregulation by modulating the AhR and ERK signaling pathways.

P=N/A, N=356, Recruiting, Children's Hospital of Fudan University | Trial completion date: Jul 2027 --> Dec 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2027